Table 3.

Non-pharmacological delirium strategies for palliative care patients [55, 56]

Delirium management strategies	Details
Optimize sleep–wake pattern	Daytime: increase exposure to daylight. Shades/curtains open Night-time: reduce light and noise Familiar sleepwear
Patient orientation	Reorientate person: explain where they are, who they are, who you are and your role Complete orientation whiteboard, visible clock Avoid frequent room changes
Communication	Use eye glasses, hearing aids, and dentures where needed
Encourage mobility	Mobilize as patient’s performance status allows Sit out of bed for meals if possible Avoid using physical restraints Minimize use of immobilizing urinary catheters
Monitor hydration and nutrition	Encourage patient to drink, if able to swallow safely Assist patient at mealtimes
Monitor bladder and bowel function	Assess for urinary retention, constipation, and fecal impaction. Avoid unnecessary catheterization
Provide support and education	Reassure patient with calming voice Use delirium information leaflet