Table 3.

Estimates of fixed and random parameters from the multilevel mixed models of health outcomes and mobile technology use (weighted).

Variables			Internet access as primary predictor				Mobile phone ownership as primary predictor
			Self-reported health		Having a disability		Self-reported health		Having a disability
			aOR (95% CI)	P	aOR (95% CI)	P	aOR (95% CI)	P	aOR (95% CI)	P
Intercept			2.421 (1.330-4.406)	.004	0.193 (0.114-0.328)	<.001	2.298 (1.245-4.240)	.008	0.229 (0.133-0.392)	<.001
Internet use (Ref=no Internet use)			1.727 (1.327-2.246)	<.001	1.138 (0.945-1.371)	.17	—a		—a
Own mobile phone (Ref=no mobile phone)			—b		—b		1.076 (0.968-1.196)	.17	0.843 (0.763-0.931)	<.001
Individual-level variables
	Age		0.988 (0.983-0.992)	<.001	1.022 (1.018-1.026)	<.001	0.988 (0.983-0.992)	<.001	1.020 (1.015-1.024)	<.001
	Gender (Ref=female)		1.373 (1.278-1.475)	<.001	1.010 (0.944-1.080)	.77	1.374 (1.279-1.476)	<.001	1.012 (0.946-1.082)	.74
	Education (Ref=≤primary school)
		≤Middle school	1.121 (1.023-1.228)	.01	0.874 (0.808-0.945)	<.001	1.129 (1.031-1.236)	.009	0.878 (0.812-0.949)	.001
		≤High school/Vocational school	1.282 (1.110-1.481)	<.001	0.890 (0.792-1.001)	.05	1.333 (1.155-1.538)	<.001	0.905 (0.807-1.016)	.09
		≥College	1.486 (1.099-2.010)	.01	0.887 (0.675-1.166)	.39	1.659 (1.228-2.239)	<.001	0.917 (0.703-1.196)	.52
	Marital status (Ref=unmarried)		0.913 (0.816-1.022)	.11	0.827 (0.742-0.922)	<.001	0.902 (0.805-1.010)	.07	0.842 (0.755-0.938)	.002
	Living arrangement (Ref=empty nested)
		Living with children	1.047 (0.875-1.252)	.62	1.114 (0.967-1.285)	.14	1.038 (0.866-1.243)	.07	1.129 (0.978-1.304)	.09
		Living with others	1.139 (1.054-1.232)	.001	0.951 (0.885-1.023)	.02	1.128 (1.041-1.221)	.003	0.965 (0.897-1.038)	.34
	Rural/urban residence (Ref=urban)		0.731 (0.648-0.824)	<.001	1.295 (1.167-1.437)	<.001	0.722 (0.640-0.814)	<.001	1.273 (1.148-1.413)	<.001
	Employment status (Ref=unemployed)		2.239 (2.044-2.454)	<.001	0.619 (0.568-0.674)	<.001	2.235 (2.040-2.449)	<.001	0.623 (0.572-0.679)	<.001
	Log income, mean (per capita expenditure)		1.01 (0.969-1.051)	.64	1.028 (0.991-1.067)	.13	1.011 (0.971-1.052)	.60	1.037 (0.999-1.076)	.05
Community-level variables
	Community resources
		Neighborhood amenities, mean	1.074 (1.055-1.093)	<.001	0.976 (0.961-0.990)	.001	1.076 (1.057-1.095)	<.001	0.976 (0.962-0.991)	.002
		Health facilities, mean	0.997 (0.946-1.051)	.90	1.008 (0.964-1.055)	.72	0.997 (0.946-1.051)	.91	1.008 (0.964-1.055)	.72
		Community organization, mean	1.017 (0.998-1.035)	.07	0.982 (0.967-0.998)	.03	1.017 (0.999-1.036)	.06	0.982 (0.966-0.998)	.02
	Region (Ref=east)
		Central	0.878 (0.772-0.999)	.05	1.272 (1.137-1.422)	<.001	0.883 (0.775-1.005)	.06	1.270 (1.135-1.422)	<.001
		West	0.775 (0.687-0.875)	<.001	1.541 (1.382-1.718)	<.001	0.772 (0.684-0.871)	<.001	1.547 (1.387-1.726)	<.001
Random effect variance			1.120 (1.078-1.163)	<.001	1.102 (1.070-1.135)	<.001	1.120 (1.078-1.163)	<.001	1.104 (1.072-1.138)	<.001

^aMobile phone ownership as primary predictor, the parameters of Internet use are missing.

^bInternet access as primary predictor, the parameters of mobile phone ownership are missing.