Fig. 4.

Kaempferol reduces carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema volume alongside inhibition of NF-κB, STAT3 and COX-2 activation. The mean percent change in paw volume of different groups of mice was measured using a plethysmometer at 2 and 24 h (A). Harvested paw tissues were analyzed for mRNA expression of COX-2 using semi-quantitative RT-PCR (B). The paw lysates were analyzed for expression of COX-2 and phospho and non-phosphorylated forms of STAT3 and NF-κB (C). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6).