Table 5.
Importance and clinical relevance of PITX2 DNA methylation status for various types of cancer.
| Cancer type | Adjuvant treatment | Clinical endpoint | Clinical impact analyzed | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer (n = 345) LN−, ER/PR+ |
Tamoxifen | MFS | Therapy response prediction | Maier et al., 2007 [51] |
| Breast cancer (n = 412) LN−, ER/PR+ |
None | TDM, OS | Prognosis | Nimmrich et al., 2008 [48] |
| Breast cancer (n = 399) LN−, HER2±, ER/PR+ |
Tamoxifen | TDM | Therapy response prediction | Harbeck et al., 2008 [65] |
| Breast cancer (n = 241) LN+, ER/PR+ |
Anthracycline | DFS, MFS, OS | Therapy response prediction | Hartmann et al., 2009 [44] |
| Breast cancer (n = 100) LN±, ER/PR±, HER2± |
Chemotherapy: 65% of the patients. Endocrine therapy: 39% of patients | OS, DFS, DSS | Prognosis | Buhmeida et al., 2011 [74] |
| Breast cancer (n = 149) LN±, ER/PR±, HER2± |
Not disclosed | No follow-up | Association of PITX2 with RASSF1A and clinicopathological parameters | Jezkova et al., 2016 [64] |
| Breast cancer (n = 56) LN±, ER/PR/HER2− |
Anthracycline | DFS | Therapy response prediction | Absmaier et al., 2017 [66] |
|
| ||||
| Prostate cancer (n = 719) | Observation, untreated | OS | Prognosis | Ahmad et al., 2016 [75] |
| Prostate cancer (n = 476) | Observation, untreated | Biochemical recurrence | Prognosis | Bañez et al., 2010 [76] |
| Prostate cancer (n = 356) | Not disclosed | Biochemical recurrence | Prognosis | Uhl et al., 2017 [77] |
| Prostate cancer (n = 680) | Observation, untreated | Biochemical recurrence | Prognosis | Dietrich et al., 2013 [78] |
| Prostate cancer (n = 367) | Observation, untreated | Biochemical recurrence | Prognosis | Vasiljević et al., 2014 [79] |
| Prostate cancer (n = 71) | Observation, untreated | Biochemical recurrence | Prognosis | Litovkin et al., 2014 [80] |
| Prostate cancer (n = 45) | Not disclosed | Biochemical recurrence | Prognosis | Vinarskaja et al., 2013 [81] |
|
| ||||
| Biliary cancer (n = 80) | Not disclosed | OS | Prognosis | Uhl et al., 2016 [82] |
|
| ||||
| Esophageal cancer (n = 305) | Chemoradiotherapy including cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil | DFS | Prognosis Therapy response prediction |
Zhang et al., 2013 [83] |
|
| ||||
| Pancreatic cancer (n = 256) | Not disclosed | OS | Prognosis | Wang et al., 2016 [84] |
|
| ||||
| Head & neck cancer (n = 399) | Radiotherapy ± chemotherapy | OS, DFS | Prognosis | Sailer et al., 2016 [85] |
| Head & neck cancer (n = 528) | Not disclosed | OS | Prognosis | Sailer et al., 2017 [86] |
|
| ||||
| Lung cancer (NSCLC) (n = 474) | ± radiotherapy/chemotherapy | PFS | Prognosis | Dietrich et al., 2012 [87] |
DFS: disease-free survival; DSS: disease-specific survival; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; TDM: time to distant metastasis; MFS: metastasis-free survival; LN: lymph node status; ER/PR: receptors for estrogen and/or progesterone; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer.