TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Mothers and Their Uninfected Children According to HIV Exposure in the Tshipidi Study, Botswana, 2010–2012
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 724), N (%) | HIV-Infected Mothers/HIV-Exposed Children (N = 337), N (%) | HIV-Uninfected Mothers/HIV-Unexposed Children (N = 387), N (%) | P (χ2 or t test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breastfed | 415 (57.3%) | 30 (8.9%) | 385 (99.5%) | <.01 |
| Female | 367 (50.7%) | 168 (49.9%) | 199 (51.4%) | .67 |
| Preterm (<37 wk) | 89 (12.8%) | 46 (13.9%) | 43 (11.7%) | .37 |
| Low birth weight | 92 (12.8%) | 58 (17.2%) | 34 (8.9%) | <.01 |
| 3-drug ART | 122 (16.9%) | 122 (36.2%) | — | — |
| CBV + NVP | 68 (9.4%) | 68 (20.2%) | — | — |
| NVP + TRV | 11 (1.5%) | 11 (3.3%) | — | — |
| ATR | 10 (1.4%) | 10 (3.0%) | — | — |
| ALU + CBV | 9 (1.2%) | 9 (2.7%) | — | — |
| Other | 24 (3.3%) | 24 (7.1%) | — | — |
| ZDV monotherapy | 214 (29.6%) | 214 (63.5%) | — | — |
| No ARVs | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.3%) | — | — |
| Mean CD4 cells/mm3 (SD) | — | 449 (190) | — | — |
| Mean log viral copies/mL (SD) | — | 4.2 (2.6) | — | — |
| Site of enrollment | — | — | — | <.01 |
| Gaborone | 369 (51.0%) | 203 (60.2%) | 166 (42.9%) | — |
| Mochudi | 355 (49.0%) | 134 (39.8%) | 221 (57.1%) | — |
| Mean maternal age (SD) | 27.2 (6.1) | 28.9 (5.8) | 25.7 (6.0) | <.01 |
| Education | ||||
| None | 10 (1.4%) | 7 (2.1%) | 3 (0.8%) | <.01 |
| Primary | 60 (8.3%) | 43 (12.8%) | 17 (4.4%) | — |
| Secondary junior | 362 (50.1%) | 204 (60.7%) | 158 (40.9%) | — |
| >Secondary junior | 290 (40.2%) | 82 (24.4%) | 208 (53.9%) | — |
| Maternal income | ||||
| None | 466 (64.5%) | 187 (55.8%) | 279 (72.1%) | <.01 |
| <P500 | 37 (5.1%) | 26 (7.8%) | 11 (2.8%) | — |
| P501–P1000 | 96 (13.3%) | 65 (19.4%) | 31 (8.0%) | — |
| >P1000 | 123 (17.0%) | 57 (17.0%) | 66 (17.1%) | — |
| Access to sanitation | ||||
| Indoor | 155 (21.6%) | 57 (17.0%) | 98 (25.6%) | <.01 |
| Private | 481 (66.9%) | 229 (68.2%) | 252 (65.8%) | — |
| Shared | 83 (11.5%) | 50 (14.8%) | 33 (8.6%) | — |
| Electricity in home | 412 (57.0%) | 164 (48.8%) | 248 (64.1%) | <.01 |
| Access to water | ||||
| Home | 143 (19.8%) | 55 (16.4%) | 88 (22.7%) | <.01 |
| Yard | 495 (68.5%) | 226 (67.3%) | 269 (69.5%) | — |
| Communal | 74 (10.2%) | 48 (14.3%) | 26 (6.7%) | — |
| Other | 11 (1.5%) | 7 (2.1%) | 4 (2.1%) | — |
| Main cooking method | ||||
| Gas, electric | 525 (72.6%) | 240 (71.4%) | 285 (73.6%) | .12 |
| Wood | 181 (25.0%) | 84 (25.0%) | 97 (25.1%) | — |
| Kerosene | 8 (1.1%) | 7 (2.1%) | 1 (0.3%) | — |
| None | 9 (1.2%) | 5 (1.5%) | 4 (1.0%) | — |
| Housing type | ||||
| Formal | 715 (98.9%) | 331 (98.5%) | 384 (99.2%) | .61 |
| Informal | 6 (0.8%) | 4 (1.2%) | 2 (0.5%) | — |
| None | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | — |
| Food insecurity mean (SD) | — | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.1) | — |
| None | 252 (34.9%) | 95 (28.2%) | 157 (40.7%) | <.01 |
| Mild | 164 (22.7%) | 63 (18.7%) | 101 (26.2%) | — |
| Moderate | 176 (24.3%) | 97 (28.8%) | 79 (20.5%) | — |
| Severe | 131 (18.1%) | 82 (24.3%) | 49 (12.7%) | — |
| Depression mean score (0–20) (SD)a | 2.5 (2.7) | 2.8 (2.8) | 2.1 (2.6) | <.01 |
| Social support mean score (0–40) (SD)b | 33.9 (6.0) | 34.4 (6.0) | 33.5 (6.0) | .05 |
| Alcohol use (ever) | 46 (6.4%) | 24 (7.1%) | 22 (5.7%) | <.01 |
| Tobacco use (ever) | 10 (1.4%) | 5 (1.5%) | 5 (1.3%) | .25 |
Percentage of participants missing values for variables: preterm: 3.6%, low birth weight: 0.7%, maternal education: 0.1%, maternal income: 0.3%, sanitation: 0.7%, electricity in home: 0.1%, source of water: 0.1%, cooking method: 0.1%, housing: 0.1%, food insecurity22: 0.1%, depression: 0%, social support: 5.5%, alcohol use (ever): 55.6%, tobacco use (ever): 58.8%. ATR, Atripla, ALU, Aluvia; CBV, Combivir; P, pula; TRV, Truvada; —, not applicable.
Highest score for a given mother on the Beck Depression Score,23 from antepartum and postpartum assessments (high scores indicating worse depression).
Highest score for a given mother’s assessment of her social support24 (high scores indicating better social support).