TABLE 3.
Adjusted Mean Differences in Bayley-III Scores According to Significant Predictors in the Tshipidi Study, Botswana, 2010–2012
| Covariate | Bayley-III Neurodevelopment Domain Estimates | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Estimate (SE) | P | Gross Motor Estimate (SE) | P | Fine Motor Estimate (SE) | P | Expressive Language Estimate (SE) | P | Receptive Language Estimate (SE) | P | |
| In-utero exposure to HIV | 0.59 (0.26) | .03 | — | — | −0.58 (0.35) | .09 | — | |||
| Maternal factors | ||||||||||
| Older age | — | — | — | — | 0.14 (0.11) | .20 | ||||
| Depression | 0.09 (0.05) | .07 | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||||||||
| Higher education | — | — | 0.18 (0.11) | .10 | 0.77 (0.26) | <.01 | — | |||
| Higher income | 0.33 (0.11) | <.01 | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Less access to water | — | −0.30 (0.10) | <.01 | — | — | — | ||||
| Food insecurity | — | −0.18 (0.10) | .06 | — | — | — | ||||
| Less access to sanitation | — | — | −0.28 (0.13) | .02 | — | — | ||||
| Lower quality housing | — | — | −0.89 (0.48) | .06 | — | — | ||||
| Access to electricity | — | — | — | 0.58 (0.34) | .09 | — | ||||
| Preterm (<37 wk)a | −0.64 (0.41) | .12 | −0.91 (0.33) | <.01 | −0.37 (0.22) | .09 | −0.06 (0.52) | .90 | −0.82 (0.42) | .05 |
| Low birth weighta | −1.24 (0.39) | <.01 | −1.19 (0.33) | <.01 | −0.31 (0.21) | .15 | −0.94 (0.50) | .06 | −0.63 (0.40) | .12 |
a
Bivariate associations for these covariates are shown in models fitted with the main exposure of interest (in-utero exposure to HIV). —, not applicable.