Table 3.

Other health benefits of plant anthocyanins.

Health benefits of anthocyanins	References
Visual health
Improved visual function in patients with normal tension glaucoma	[90]
Prevented impairment of photoreceptor cell function during retinal inflammation	[91]
Decreased lens opacity together with the decreased MDA level	[92]
Suppressed cell death of HLE-B3 (lens epithelial cell line) under H2O2-induced oxidative stress	[93]
Prevented retinal degeneration induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea	[94]
Increased ocular blood flows but no significant changes on intraocular pressure	[95]
Anti-obesity
Improved weight gain and lipid profile on obese rats.	[96]
Suppressed body weight gain and improved blood lipid profile in high-fat diet induced rats	[97]
Ameliorated obesity in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice	[98]
Up-regulate adipocytokine secretion and gene expression in isolated rat adipocytes	[99]
Suppressed weight gain, fat tissue gain and other metabolic disorders	[100]
Antimicrobial
Possessed antimicrobial activity through damaging and destroying the cell wall, membrane and intercellular matrix	[101]
Showed antibacterial activity with the highest sensitivity to Aeromonas hydrophilia and Listeria innocua	[102]
Possessed antibacterial effects towards Enterococcus faecium resistant to vancomycin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli	[103]
Inhibited gram-negative bacteria but not on gram-positive bacteria	[104]