Fig. 1.

Location of the 21 paired sites in South of France (Hérault County). Each symbol represents a pair. Arachnids were sampled in 11 pairs (triangles) while acoustic sampling of bats took place in each pair (circles and triangles) situated along a landscape complexity gradient. Cleared landscapes (yellow symbols): extremely simplified landscape with <1% of forest and semi-natural areas; Simple landscapes (orange symbols): 1–20% of forest and semi-natural areas; Complex landscapes (red symbols): >20% of forest and semi-natural areas (Tscharntke et al., 2012). Vineyard areas are represented in grey (© CORINE Land Cover 2006, code 221). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)