Fig. 4.

Effects of farming system (organic vs. conventional) on the activity of mid-range echolocator bats (MRE guild) and bat species richness in a gradient of landscape complexity at 3.0 km radius scale. Estimates and associated 95% confidence intervals arising from the pairwise comparisons of least-square means (“lsmeans” package) used to investigate variable interactions in GLMMs (see Section 2.5. Statistical analysis) are shown with white circles and black solid lines, respectively. Values on the right side of the dotted line suggest higher bat activity or species richness in organic vineyards. None of the comparisons are statistically significant (P-values >0.05). Cleared landscapes (6 pairs): extremely simplified landscape with <1% of forest and semi-natural areas; Simple landscapes (10 pairs): 1–20% of forest and semi-natural areas; Complex landscapes (5 pairs): >20% of forest and semi-natural areas (Tscharntke et al., 2012).