Table 1.
Number of parasite positive birds sampled from the four facilities. The cross (†) indicates species in which at least one individual was infected. Migration status in the Kanto area is shown for each species (W = wintering visitor, S = migrant (summer) breeder, P = passage visitor, R = resident visitor). Number sampled and number of blood smears (in parentheses) are shown, followed by number infected and percentage infected (in parentheses) via PCR. Number infected via PCR are shown for each parasite genera, with each parentheses describing the number infected via microscopy.
| Birds sampled |
Migration status | No. sampled (blood smear) | No. infected by PCR (%) | No. infected by PCR (by microscopy) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Order | Species | Scientific name | Plasmodium | Haemoproteus | Leucocytozoon | Mix | |||
| Anseriformes | Canada goose | Branta canadensis | R | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tundra swan | Cygnus columbianus | W | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Mandarin duck† | Aix galericulata | W | 3(3) | 2 (66.7) | – | – | 2(2) | – | |
| Falcated duck† | Anas falcata | W | 1(0) | 1 (100) | – | – | 1(0) | 1(0) | |
| Mallard† | Anas platyrhynchos | W | 2(2) | 1 (50) | 1(1) | – | – | – | |
| Spot-billed duck | Anas zonorhyncha | R | 9(7) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Northern pintail† | Anas acuta | W | 4(3) | 4 (100) | – | – | 4(3) | – | |
| Common teal† | Anas crecca | W | 3(1) | 3 (100) | – | – | 3(0) | 2(0) | |
| Common pochard† | Aythya ferina | W | 1(1) | 1 (100) | 1(1) | – | – | – | |
| Tufted duck† | Aythya fuligula | W | 6(6) | 2 (33.3) | – | – | 2(2) | – | |
| Greater scaup† | Aythya marila | W | 2(2) | 2 (100) | – | – | 2(2) | – | |
| Galliformes | Bobwhite quail | Colinus virginianus | R | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Japanese pheasant | Phasianus colchicus | R | 1(0) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Procellariiformes | Laysan albatross | Phoebastria immutabilis | W | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fork-tailed storm-petrel | Oceanodroma furcata | W | 2(0) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Streaked shearwater† | Calonectris leucomelas | R | 1(0) | 1 (100) | 1(0) | – | – | – | |
| Short-tailed shearwater | Puffinus tenuirostris | P | 1(0) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Podicipediformes | Great creasted grebe† | Podiceps cristatus | W | 3(2) | 1 (33.3) | 1(0) | – | 1(0) | 1(0) |
| Black-necked grebe | Podiceps nigricollis | W | 1(0) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Pelecaniformes | Black-faced spoonbill† | Platalea minor | P | 1(0) | 1 (100) | – | 1(0) | – | – |
| Yellow bittern† | Ixobrychus sinensis | S | 1(0) | 1 (100) | 1(0) | – | – | – | |
| Japanese night heron† | Gorsachius goisagi | S | 1(1) | 1 (100) | – | – | 1(1) | – | |
| Black-crowned night heron† | Nycticorax nycticorax | R | 11(8) | 1 (9.1) | 1(1) | – | – | – | |
| Cattle egret | Bubulcus ibis | S | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Grey heron† | Ardea cinerea | R | 12(4) | 1 (8.3) | – | 1(0) | – | – | |
| Great egret | Ardea alba | R | 2(2) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Intermediate egret | Egretta intermedia | S | 5(4) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Little egret | Egretta garzetta | R | 3(1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Suliformes | Great cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | R | 15(7) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Accipitriformes | Japanese sparrowhawk | Accipiter gularis | S | 8(6) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Eurasian sparrowhawk | Accipiter nisus | W | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Northern goshawk | Accipiter gentilis | R | 6(4) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Black kite | Milvus migrans | R | 14(9) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Grey-faced buzzard | Butastur indicus | S | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Eastern buzzard | Buteo buteo | W | 3(3) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Gruiformes | Water rail† | Rallus aquaticus | W | 1(0) | 1 (100) | 1(0) | – | – | – |
| Eurasian coot† | Fulica atra | W | 10(8) | 6 (60) | 6(4) | – | – | – | |
| Charadriiformes | Eurasian woodcock† | Scolopax rusticola | W | 3(1) | 2 (66.7) | – | 2(0) | 1(0) | 1(0) |
| Whimbrel† | Numenius phaeopus | S | 1(1) | 1 (100) | – | 1(1) | – | – | |
| Common sandpiper | Actitis hypoleucos | R | 1(0) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Black-headed gull | Larus ridibundus | W | 2(2) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Black-tailed gull† | Larus crassirostris | R | 6(6) | 3 (50) | – | 3(3) | – | – | |
| Common gull† | Larus canus | W | 1(1) | 1 (100) | – | 1(1) | – | – | |
| Herring gull† | Larus argentatus | W | 9(6) | 1 (11.1) | 1(0) | – | – | – | |
| Colombiformes | Feral pigeon | Columba livia var. domestica | R | 34(26) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Oriental turtle-dove† | Streptopelia orientalis | R | 34(20) | 6 (17.6) | 1(0) | 2(1) | 3(1) | – | |
| White-bellied green-pigeon† | Treron sieboldii | R | 10(9) | 2 (20) | – | – | 2(1) | – | |
| Cuculiformes | Oriental cuckoo | Cuculus optatus | P | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Strigiformes | Sunda scops owl† | Otus lempiji | R | 7(3) | 5 (71.4) | – | 2(0) | 4(2) | 1(0) |
| Ural owl† | Strix uralensis | R | 9(5) | 8 (88.9) | – | 8(4) | – | – | |
| Brown hawk-owl† | Ninox scutulata | S | 4(2) | 2 (50) | – | 2(0) | 2(0) | 2(0) | |
| Short-eared owl† | Asio flammeus | W | 1(1) | 1 (100) | – | – | 1(1) | – | |
| Caprimulgiformes | Jugle nightjar | Caprimulgus indicus | S | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Coraciiformes | Common kingfisher | Alcedo atthis | R | 2(0) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Piciformes | Japanese pygmy woodpecker | Dendrocopos kizuki | R | 3(3) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Japanese green woodpecker | Picus awokera | R | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Falconiformes | Common kestrel† | Falco tinnunculus | R | 12(10) | 1 (8.3) | – | 1(0) | – | – |
| Peregrine falcon | Falco peregrinus | R | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Passeriformes | Bull-headed shrike† | Lanius bucephalus | R | 1(0) | 1 (100) | – | 1(0) | – | – |
| Eurasian jay† | Garrulus glandarius | R | 1(0) | 1 (100) | – | – | 1(0) | – | |
| Azure-winged magpie† | Cyanopica cyanus | R | 2(1) | 2 (100) | 2(1) | – | – | – | |
| Carrion crow† | Corvus corone | R | 12(7) | 6 (50) | 2(2) | 4(0) | 1(0) | 1(0) | |
| Large-billed crow† | Corvus macrorhynchos | R | 10(7) | 7 (70) | 1(0) | 6(3) | 2(1) | 2(1) | |
| Japanese tit† | Parus minor | R | 15(15) | 1 (6.7) | – | – | 1(0) | – | |
| Eurasian skylark | Alauda arvensis | R | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Brown-eared bulbul† | Hypsipetes amaurotis | R | 21(14) | 6 (28.6) | 4(4) | 2(1) | 2(2) | 2(2) | |
| Barn swallow† | Hirundo rustica | S | 37(26) | 2 (5.4) | – | 1(0) | 1(0) | – | |
| Japanese bush warbler | Cettia diphone | R | 2(0) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Sakhalin leaf-warbler† | Phylloscopus borealoides | S | 1(0) | 1 (100) | – | 1(0) | – | – | |
| Japanese white-eye | Zosterops japonicus | R | 3(3) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| White-cheeked starling† | Spodiopsar cineraceus | R | 41(36) | 3 (7.3) | 3(1) | – | 1(0) | 2(0) | |
| Japanese thrush† | Turdus cardis | S | 1(1) | 1 (100) | – | 1(1) | 1(1) | 1(1) | |
| Pale thrush | Turdus pallidus | W | 1(0) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Dusky thrush† | Turdus naumanni | W | 3(3) | 1 (33.3) | – | – | 1(1) | – | |
| Narcissus flycatcher† | Ficedula narcissina | S | 3(1) | 2 (66.7) | – | 1(0) | 1(1) | – | |
| Eurasian tree sparrow† | Passer montanus | R | 31(23) | 3 (9.7) | 1(1) | 1(0) | 1(0) | 1(1) | |
| White wagtail | Motacilla alba | R | 2(2) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Grey-capped greenfinch | Chloris sinica | R | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Meadow bunting | Emberiza cioides | R | 1(1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Black-faced bunting | Emberiza spodocephala | R | 2(0) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 475(337) | 100(21.1) | 28(16) | 42(15) | 42(21) | 17(5) | ||||