Pancreatic fluid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration in patients with cyst fluid CEA > 192 ng/mL. Pancreatic cyst fluid PGE2 is plotted (y-axis) for each grade of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) dysplasia (x-axis) in only those with preoperative pancreatic cyst fluid CEA >192 ng/mL. (A) Divides IPMN dysplasia grade into 3 groups, LGD/MGD, HGD, and invasive IPMN. Mean PGE2 values again increase in a stepwise fashion with increasing dysplasia grade. (B) Divides IPMN dysplasia into only two groups, LGD/MGD and HGD/invasive IPMN. The same significant difference between LGD/MGD and HGD/invasive IPMN is demonstrated. LGD/MGD, low/moderate-grade dysplasia; HGD, highgrade dysplasia.