Table 2.
Participants’ demographic and health information: descriptive statistics
| Socio-demographic characteristics | Frequency | Percenta
(%) |
Mean (SD) |
Medianb
(IQR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Males | 52 | 35.1 | ||
| Females | 96 | 64.8 | ||
| Age | 55 (11) |
55 (46–63) |
||
| 25–34 | 6 | 4.1 | ||
| 35–44 | 26 | 17.6 | ||
| 45–54 | 33 | 22.3 | ||
| 55–64 | 57 | 38.5 | ||
| 65+ | 26 | 17.6 | ||
| Health insurance coverage | ||||
| Yes | 23 | 15.6 | ||
| No | 124 | 84.4 | ||
| Clinical measures | ||||
| Weight (kilograms) | 77.52 (16.24) |
77.11 (65.59–87.09) |
||
| Body Mass Index (BMI), kg/m2 |
31.1 (6.0) |
30.8 (27.1–34.6) |
||
| Weight status(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017) | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Healthy weight (18.5 to <25.0) | 21 | 18.3 | ||
| Overweight (25.0 to <30.0) | 30 | 26.1 | ||
| Obese-Class 1 (30 to <35) | 36 | 31.3 | ||
| Obese-Class 2: (35 to <40) | 20 | 17.4 | ||
| Obese-Class 3: (> 40) | 8 | 7.0 | ||
| HBA1C | 10.2 (2.6) |
9.9 (8.3–12.5) |
||
| Diabetes classification(American Diabetes Association 2017b) | ||||
| Normal (≤5.6%) | 5 | 3.4 | ||
| Prediabetes (5.7%–6.4%) | 5 | 3.4 | ||
| Diabetes (≥6.5%) | 137 | 93.2 | ||
| Glucose | 258.6 (97.5) |
252.0 (188.0–320.0) |
||
| Diabetes classification(American Diabetes Association 2017b) | ||||
| <200 mg/dL | 41 | 28.1 | ||
| ≥200 mg/dL | 105 | 71.9 | ||
| Urine albumin/creatinine ratio | 141.0 (190.1) |
49.3 (18.5–191.4) |
||
| Abnormalities in albumin excretion(American Diabetes Association 2015) | ||||
| Normal (<30 mg/g creatinine) | 52 | 37.4 | ||
| Increased urinary albumin excretion (≥30 mg/g creatinine) |
87 | 62.6 | ||
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) | 56.0 (13.5) |
60.1 (58.5–60.1) |
||
| Stages of chronic kidney disease based on eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)(American Diabetes Association 2017a) | ||||
| Failure (<15) | 2 | 1.4 | ||
| Severe decrease in eGFR (15–29) | 7 | 5.0 | ||
| Moderate decrease in eGFR (30–59) | 27 | 19.3 | ||
| Kidney damage with mild decrease in eGFR (60–89) | 103 | 73.6 | ||
| Kidney damage with normal or increased eGFR (≥90) | 1 | 0.7 | ||
aValid percentages of observations out of the total number of non-missing responses are reported. bMedian and Interquartile range (IQR) are displayed as additional measures of central tendency and dispersion as data were skewed for some of the clinical variables