| Sodium reabsorption and volume overload |
Decrease in cardiac output |
| Reduced renal flow |
|
- RAAS stimulation in the kidneys |
| Increase in urinary potassium excretion |
|
- Hypokalemia |
|
- Electrical instability |
| Hypertension |
| Ventricular remodeling |
Myocardial hypertrophy |
| Increased inflammation and upregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β) |
| Increased collagen synthesis by cardiac fibroblasts |
|
- Fibrosis of the perivascular and interstitial spaces |
|
- Increased ventricular diastolic stiffness |
|
- Electrical conduction defects |
|
- Malignant ventricular arrhythmia |
| Endothelial dysfunction and vasoconstriction |
Reduced coronary blood flow |
|
- Recurrent ischemic events |
|
- Myocardial ischemia |
|
- Myocardial injury |
