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. 2017 Sep 26;7:12299. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12525-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Minimum energy paths of skyrmion collapse. Energies of the spin configurations during a skyrmion collapse in (a) hcp-Pd/Fe/Ir(111) at B = 1.5 T and (b) fcc-Pd/Fe/Ir(111) at B = 4.0 T are shown over the reaction coordinate corresponding to the progress of the collapse. The energies are given with respect to the initial state, i.e. the isolated skyrmion. Simulations using both the effective exchange model (denoted by J _eff) and taking all exchange constants from the DFT calculation into account (denoted by J _DFT) are displayed. Insets show the spin structure of the initial and the saddle point configurations for both simulations.