Table 1. Age-adjusted mean^a blood cadmium levels and number of cigarettes smoked among adults by sex, smoking status, and race/Hispanic origin, NHANES 2011-2014.

Sex	Smoking Status	Race/Hispanic Origin	Sample Size	Blood Cadmium		Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day^b

				Mean ^c (95% CI) (μg/L)	Below LOD (%)	Mean ^c (95% CI)
Men	Never Smoker	Non-Hispanic white	642	0.16 (0.15, 0.17)	30.8	-
		Non-Hispanic black	417	0.21 (0.19, 0.24)	16.0	-
		Non-Hispanic Asian	282	0.29 (0.26, 0.32)	8.9	-
		Hispanic	375	0.19 (0.18, 0.20)	23.8	-

	Former Smoker	Non-Hispanic white	458	0.24 (0.22, 0.26)	10.8	10.8 (8.7, 13.4)
		Non-Hispanic black	191	0.35 (0.31, 0.39)	7.0	9.9 (8.3, 11.8)
		Non-Hispanic Asian	122	0.36 (0.31, 0.42)	3.0	6.8 (5.6, 8.3)
		Hispanic	219	0.23 (0.21, 0.26)	14.7	5.6 (4.5, 7.0)

	Current Smoker	Non-Hispanic white	360	0.91 (0.83, 0.99)	0.1	10.4 (9.0, 11.9)
		Non-Hispanic black	247	0.89 (0.81, 0.97)	0.4	5.5 (4.8, 6.4)
		Non-Hispanic Asian	77	0.86 (0.73, 1.02)	0.9	5.0 (3.9, 6.5)
		Hispanic	172	0.60 (0.56, 0.65)	2.2	4.4 (3.5, 5.4)

Women	Never Smoker	Non-Hispanic white	834	0.24 (0.23, 0.25)	11.5	-
		Non-Hispanic black	650	0.27 (0.25, 0.29)	10.8	-
		Non-Hispanic Asian	457	0.51 (0.48, 0.55)	0.9	-
		Hispanic	636	0.27 (0.26, 0.28)	11.3	-

	Former Smoker	Non-Hispanic white	369	0.31 (0.28, 0.34)	5.2	5.8 (5.0, 6.9)
		Non-Hispanic black	106	0.37 (0.32, 0.41)	2.5	5.7 (4.4, 7.6)
		Non-Hispanic Asian	39	0.58 (0.50, 0.68)	0	5.1 (3.5, 7.5)
		Hispanic	121	0.32 (0.27, 0.38)	4.8	3.6 (2.8, 4.7)

	Current Smoker	Non-Hispanic white	334	1.07 (1.00, 1.14)	0.3	8.9 (7.8, 10.2)
		Non-Hispanic black	168	1.10 (0.98, 1.23)	0	5.5 (4.8, 6.3)
		Non-Hispanic Asian^d	18	1.02 (0.73, 1.45)	0	4.6 (2.8, 7.6)
		Hispanic	74	0.79 (0.68, 0.92)	0	5.3 (4.0, 7.0)

Direct age adjustment was performed with three age groups (20-39, 40-59, 60 and over) on log-transformed variables followed by back transformation to present results as geometric means.

Self-reported average number of cigarettes smoked per day before quitting for former smokers or in the last 30 days for current smokers.

Means were calculated as geometric means.

Relative standard errors (RSEs), i.e., (standard error of mean)/mean, for this subgroup of smallest sample size were 16.9% and 24.1% for blood cadmium and number of cigarettes smoked per day, which were the highest among all subgroups.

Table 1. Age-adjusted meana blood cadmium levels and number of cigarettes smoked among adults by sex, smoking status, and race/Hispanic origin, NHANES 2011-2014.

Table 1. Age-adjusted mean^a blood cadmium levels and number of cigarettes smoked among adults by sex, smoking status, and race/Hispanic origin, NHANES 2011-2014.