TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics of the Strong Heart Family Study participants according to plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels (2001–2003, N = 1502)
| Characteristics | Level of plasma PAI-1 (ng/ml) | P value for linear trenda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (5–32) | Intermediate (33–57) | High (58–441) | ||
| N | 508 | 453 | 541 | |
| Age (years) | 31.9 ± 13.0 | 33.9 ± 13.0 | 33.6 ± 12.2 | 0.044 |
| Male [n (%)] | 182 (35.83) | 189 (41.72) | 191 (35.30) | 0.835 |
| Current smoking [n (%)] | 175 (34.45) | 182 (40.18) | 239 (44.18) | 0.002 |
| Current drinking [n (%)] | 315 (62.01) | 292 (64.46) | 358 (66.17) | 0.189 |
| Obesity [n (%)] | 123 (24.21) | 202 (44.59) | 380 (70.24) | <0.001 |
| Dietary sodium (mg/day) | 3726.1 ± 3448.1 | 3993.2 ± 3593.7 | 3963.7 ± 4088.3 | 0.424 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 113.4 ± 10.9 | 116.0 ± 10.2 | 117.5 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.7 ± 9.4 | 73.7 ± 8.6 | 75.1 ± 8.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 5.8 | 30.0 ± 6.8 | 34.1 ± 7.6 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 94.0 ± 31.6 | 98.7 ± 33.4 | 109.2 ± 45.5 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 170.6 ± 30.1 | 177.6 ± 35.6 | 184.1 ± 36.6 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 113.8 ± 59.5 | 136.7 ± 84.5 | 185.6 ± 139.1 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 91.7 ± 25.5 | 99.7 ± 30.0 | 101.5 ± 29.7 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 56.3 ± 14.9 | 51.1 ± 12.3 | 46.9 ± 13.0 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 101.5 ± 22.8 | 100.4 ± 22.8 | 104.3 ± 22.2 | 0.084 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 4.3 ± 8.0 | 5.4 ± 8.6 | 7.0 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
Results were expressed as mean ± SD unless otherwise noted. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
a
Using generalized estimating equation models to account for family relatedness among study participants.