Table 1.
Details of annual mass drug administration (MDA) delivery in LF endemic sub-Saharan African countries
| Countrya | Vector genusb | MDA type | IUs (initial phase: 1–3 years) | Start year | % program drug coverage (range) | IUs (expansion phase: 4–5 years) | Start year | % program drug coverage (range) | IUs (later phase) | Start year | % program drug coverage (range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benin | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 9 | 2002 | 79.35 (77.8–80.5) | 21 | 2004 | 81.23 (75.4–85.6) | 25 | 2013 | 100 |
| Burkina Faso | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 22 | 2001 | 74.43 (68.4–77.8) | 59 | 2005 | 80.3 (77.2–81.8) | 57 | 2013 | 71.4 |
| Cameroon | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 12 | 2008 | 75.95 (74.6–77.3) | 84 | 2010 | 73.9 (69.8–78.0) | 123 | 2012 | 80.35 (79.9–80.8) |
| Comoros | Culex | DEC-ALB | 2 | 2001 | 73.2 (56.9–85.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Congo | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | 2013 | 92.8 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 3 | 2009 | 78.9 | 13 | 2010 | 31.5 | 5 | 2013 | 70 |
| Egypt | Culex | DEC-ALB | 28 | 2000 | 93.92 (91.0–96.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ethiopia | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 5 | 2009 | 77.53 (72.7–81.7) | – | – | – | 27 | 2012 | 76.4 (74.2–78.6) |
| Ghana | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 22 | 2000 | 62.28 (23.9–74.1) | 66 | 2005 | 72.15 (63.9–75.2) | 91 | 2013 | 76.8 |
| Guinea Bissau | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | – | – | – | – | – | – | 33 | 2011 | 71.7 (69.4–74.0) |
| Kenya | Anopheles and Culex | DEC-ALB | 1 | 2002 | 81.20 | 3 | 2003 | 71.5 (62.7–79.5) | 9 | 2011 | 58.3 |
| Liberia | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13 | 2012 | 90.7 (81.1–100) |
| Madagascar | Anopheles | DEC-ALB | 3 | 2005 | 81.40 | 25 | 2006 | 76.68 (74.6–79.5) | 39 | 2010 | 66.53 (66.3–66.9) |
| Malawi | Anopheles and Culex | IVM-ALB | 9 | 2008 | 80.50 | – | – | – | 26 | 2009 | 81.68 (79.8–83.0) |
| Mali | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 9 | 2005 | 80.70 (78.2–83.2) | 46 | 2007 | 78.75 (61.6–85.1) | 45 | 2013 | 82.10 |
| Mozambique | Culex | IVM-ALB | 18 | 2009 | 71.81 | 51 | 2010 | 77.85 (74.4–81.3) | 94 | 2013 | 85 |
| Niger | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 9 | 2007 | 72.20 | 20 | 2008 | 65.60 (58.7–72.5) | 30 | 2010 | 69.28 (63.7–72.7) |
| Nigeria | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 14 | 2000 | 41.53 (32.3–53.7) | 31 | 2003 | 72.63 (64.2–77.1) | 135 | 2009 | 58.08 (48.9–73.6) |
| Senegal | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 7 | 2007 | 73.60 (66.8–78.7) | – | – | – | 13 | 2013 | 49.3 |
| Sierra Leone | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 6 | 2007 | 61.30 | 13 | 2008 | 72.1 (70.1–74.1) | 14 | 2010 | 79.5 (77.7–80.6) |
| Sudan | Culex | IVM-ALB | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2013 | 87.8 |
| Tanzania | Anopheles and Culex | IVM-ALB | 17 | 2000 | 76.10 (59.1–100.0) | 25 | 2003 | 70.54 (60.5–79.9) | 84 | 2011 | 73.03 (65.8–77.1) |
| Togo | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 7 | 2000 | 67.20 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Uganda | Anopheles | IVM-ALB | 6 | 2002 | 66.80 (53.5–76.0) | 38 | 2007 | 67.5 (62.4–72.4) | 41 | 2012 | 66.9 (66.8–67.0) |
MDA was implemented across a country in a staggered manner, effectively creating several cohorts of implementation units (IUs), namely those that began to receive MDA in the initial phase, the expansion phase, or the later phase
aThe following countries not listed in the table had not yet started MDA as of 2015: Angola, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, South Sudan, The Gambia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
bVector genus information was retrieved from WHO [49]
IVM ivermectin, ALB albendazole, DEC diethylcarbamazine citrate