Table 3.

Direct and indirect effects of environmental exposures on change in HbA_1c ¹.

Assessed Association	Estimate	95% CI	p-Value
Walkability Models (n = 2260) AIC 9646.34; BICadj 9722.72
Walkability predicting ∆HbA1c	−0.008	−0.011 to −0.005	0.000
Individual PA predicting ∆HbA1c:
1. Low (reference = sedentary)	−0.009	−0.018 to 0.000	0.052
2. Meets recommendations (reference = sedentary)	−0.014	−0.021 to −0.006	0.001
Walkability predicting individual PA:
1. Low (reference = sedentary)	−0.009	−0.030 to 0.011	0.347
2. Meets recommendations (reference = sedentary)	0.035	0.010 to 0.061	0.007
Indirect effect (×100): through low PA	0.008	−0.012 to 0.029	0.427
Indirect effect (×100): through meets PA recommendations	−0.048	−0.091 to −0.005	0.029
Total indirect effect (×100)	−0.040	−0.079 to 0.001	0.045
Total effect of walkability on ∆HbA1c (×100)	−0.847	−1.157 to −0.536	0.000
Physical Inactivity Norm Models (n = 1926) AIC 8259.17; BICadj 8330.75
Physical inactivity norm predicting ∆HbA1c	0.006	0.001 to 0.011	0.015
Individual PA predicting ∆HbA1c:
1. Low (reference = sedentary)	−0.011	−0.020 to −0.001	0.039
2. Meets recommendations (reference = sedentary)	−0.016	−0.024 to −0.007	0.000
Physical inactivity norm predicting individual PA:
1. Low (reference = sedentary)	−0.008	−0.032 to 0.015	0.490
2. Meets recommendations (reference = sedentary)	−0.039	−0.068 to −0.010	0.008
Indirect effect (×100): through low PA	0.009	−0.016 to 0.034	0.496
Indirect effect (×100): through meets PA recommendations	0.061	0.000 to 0.122	0.049
Total indirect effect (×100)	0.070	0.011 to 0.129	0.019
Total effect of physical inactivity norm on ∆HbA1c (×100)	0.691	0.202 to 1.181	0.006
Overweight/Obesity Norm Models (n = 1907) AIC 8151.86; BICadj 8222.87
Overweight/obesity norm predicting ∆HbA1c	0.006	0.002 to 0.010	0.006
Individual PA predicting ∆HbA1c:
1. Low (reference = sedentary)	−0.011	−0.021 to −0.001	0.028
2. Meets recommendations (reference = sedentary)	−0.015	−0.023 to −0.006	0.001
Overweight/obesity norm predicting individual PA:
1. Low (reference = sedentary)	0.015	−0.009 to 0.039	0.219
2. Meets recommendations (reference = sedentary)	−0.059	−0.086 to −0.032	0.000
Indirect effect (×100): through low PA	−0.016	−0.048 to 0.016	0.313
Indirect effect (×100): through meets PA recommendations	0.085	0.019 to 0.151	0.011
Total indirect effect (×100)	0.069	0.013 to 0.125	0.016
Total effect of overweight/obesity norm on ∆HbA1c (×100)	0.642	0.239 to 1.046	0.002

¹: Models adjusted for individual-level age, sex, employment status (full-time, part-time, or not in the work force), level of education (university graduate or not), marital status (married/de facto, or single), and smoking status (current smoker, ex-smoker, or never smoked), and area-level income (median household income). AIC: Akaike’s Information Criterion; BIC_adj: Sample-size adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion.