Table 2.
Lipid profiles, HbA1c and diabetes related characteristics of the participants at each altitude level.
| District | Mustang | Humla | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altitude | 2800 m | 3270 m | 3620 m | 2890 m |
| (Urban) | (Rural) | (Urban) | (Rural) | |
| Variables | Mean ± SD (N) | |||
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.9 (142) | 4.2 ± 0.8 (56) | 4.5 ± 1.1 (38) | 4.1 ± 1.1 (168) |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.9 ± 0.9 (140) | 1.5 ± 0.9 (56) | 2.4 ± 1.5 (38) | 1.7 ± 0.9 (168) |
| HDL (women) (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.5 (75) | 1.4 ± 0.3 (30) | 1.3 ± 0.3 (22) | 1.0 ± 0.3 (111) |
| HDL (men) (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.5 (64) | 1.3 ± 0.3 (24) | 1.1 ± 0.4 (15) | 1.1 ± 0.4 (56) |
| LDL(mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.7 (135) | 2.2 ± 0.7 (53) | 2.2 ± 0.9 (34) | 2.3 ± 0.7 (164) |
| Non-HDL (mmol/L) | 3.3 ± 0.8 (139) | 2.8 ± 0.8 (54) | 3.3 ± 1.2 (37) | 3.1 ± 0.9 (167) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 38.7 ± 10.6(141) | 38.0 ± 5.4 (61) | 39.2 ± 8.8 (44) | 38.1 ± 4.9 (171) |
| % (N) | ||||
| High TC | 23.9 (142) | 12.5 (56) | 15.8 (38) | 13.7 (168) |
| High TG | 52.1 (142) | 30.4 (56) | 57.9 (38) | 36.9 (168) |
| Low HDL | 64.1 (142) | 39.3 (56) | 55.3 (38) | 71.4 (168) |
| High non-HDL | 16.4 (140) | 7.3 (55) | 18.9 (37) | 13.8 (167) |
| High TC to HDL ratio | 24.5 (139) | 5.6 (54) | 29.7 (37) | 27.5 (167) |
| Diabetes or medication | 10.6 (142) | 3.3 (61) | 13.6 (44) | 3.5 (172) |
| Diabetes | 9.2 (141) | 3.3 (61) | 11.4 (44) | 2.9 (171) |
| Pre-diabetes | 22.1 (141) | 39.3 (61) | 25.0 (44) | 36.8 (171) |
| Diabetes newly diagnosed | 3.5 (141) | 3.3 (61) | 6.8 (44) | 0.6 (171) |
TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, HDL: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, high TC: ≥5.2 mmol/L, high TG: ≥1.7 mmol/L, high LDL: ≥3.4 mmol/L, low HDL: <1.3 mmol/L for women and <1.0 mmol/L for men, high non-HDL: ≥4.1 mmol/L, Impaired glucose tolerance: HbA1c ≥ 39 to 47 mmol/mol, Diabetes: HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol.