Table 1.
Demographics and other characteristics of antenatal mothers and bivariate analyses for antenatal depression used to assess the effect of green space on antenatal depression from the Growing Up in New Zealand study cohort.
| Variables (n = 6772) * | Descriptives n (%) or Mean (SD) | Bivariate Analyses Test Statistic (p-Value for Chi-Square or F Test) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age (years), n (%) | ||
| <20 | 325 (5) | 147.31 (<0.001) |
| 20–24 | 992 (15) | |
| 25–29 | 1651 (24) | |
| 30–34 | 2108 (31) | |
| 35–39 | 1411 (21) | |
| ≥40 | 285 (4) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||
| No secondary school | 485 (7) | 123.47 (<0.001) |
| Secondary school | 1610 (24) | |
| Diploma | 2068 (30) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1532 (23) | |
| Higher degree | 1058 (16) | |
| Employment status, n (%) | ||
| Employed | 3636 (54) | 93.83 (<0.001) |
| Unemployed | 543 (8) | |
| Student | 455 (7) | |
| Not in workforce | 1822 (27) | |
| Self-identified ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| European | 3576 (53) | 202.76 (<0.001) |
| Māori | 933 (14) | |
| Pacific | 1001 (15) | |
| Asian | 1002 (15) | |
| Middle Eastern/Latin-American/African | 145 (2) | |
| Other or New Zealander | 96 (1) | |
| Relationship status, n (%) | ||
| No relationship | 125 (2) | 115.04 (<0.001) |
| Dating, not cohabiting | 278 (4) | |
| Cohabiting | 2312 (34) | |
| Married or civil union | 4038 (60) | |
| Parity, n (%) | ||
| First born | 2833 (42) | 0.68 (0.41) |
| Subsequent | 3932 (58) | |
| Health behaviors and health | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | ||
| No | 5473 (81) | 101.53 (<0.001) |
| Yes | 656 (10) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||
| No drinking during pregnancy | 4851 (72) | 9.12 (0.003) |
| Any drinking during pregnancy | 1904 (28) | |
| Physical activity during the first trimester of pregnancy, n (%) | ||
| No | 4243 (63) | 2.91 (0.088) |
| Yes | 1890 (28) | |
| Physical activity after the first trimester of pregnancy, n (%) | ||
| No | 4700 (69) | 0.64 (0.42) |
| Yes | 1433 (21) | |
| General health status, n (%) | ||
| Poor or fair | 698 (10) | 168.79 (<0.001) |
| Good | 2306 (34) | |
| Very good | 2382 (35) | |
| Excellent | 1372 (20) | |
| Antenatal depression, n (%) | ||
| No | 5141 (76) | - |
| Yes | 992 (15) | |
| Household characteristics | ||
| Area deprivation (NZDep2006), n (%) | ||
| ≤3: low | 1684 (25) | 90.83 (<0.001) |
| 4–7: medium | 2471 (36) | |
| 8–10: high | 2615 (39) | |
| Length of stay at current residence, mean (SD) | ||
| Length of stay (years) | 4 (6) | 1.00 (0.50) |
| Residential rurality, n (%) | ||
| Urban | 6325 (93) | 3.52 (0.06) |
| Rural | 447 (7) | |
| District health board region, n (%) | ||
| Auckland | 2421 (36) | 53.70 (<0.001) |
| Manukau | 2526 (37) | |
| Waikato | 1825 (27) | |
| Green space percentage in census area units | ||
| Green space percentage, n (%) | ||
| Low (0–<12%) | 1672 (25) | 6.87 (0.08) |
| Medium (12–<21%) | 1652 (24) | |
| High (21–<38%) | 1764 (26) | |
| Very High (38–100%) | 1684 (25) | |
* The proportion of missing data for each variable is from 0.0 to 9.5%.