Table 3.
Summary of available techniques to study the identity and composition of solid by-products formed during copper corrosion episodes.
| Technique | Information | References |
|---|---|---|
| X-ray diffraction (XRD) | Crystalline identity of the corrosion scale. Requires certain knowledge about the chemical composition of the scale. | (See Table 2 for References) |
| Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) | Evolution of the corrosion scale mass as a result of by-product deposition. | [123,128] |
| Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) | Atomic and molecular structure of organic and inorganic components of the scale. | [129,130] |
| X-ray Spectroscopy | ||
| Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) | Chemical composition of the corrosion scale. Often coupled with electron microscopy (EM). | [120,121] |
| X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) | Chemical composition and speciation in the corrosion scale. | [97,122,131] |
| X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) | Coordination chemistry and short-range ordering of a given element inside the corrosion scale. | [15,102,126] |
| Vibrational Spectroscopy | ||
| Fourier transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) | Molecular structure of organic and inorganic components of the scale. | [123,128] |
| Raman spectroscopy | Molecular structure of organic and inorganic components in the scale. | [124,132] |
| Electrochemical techniques | ||
| Cyclic voltammetry | Scale composition based on its electrochemical properties. | [131] |
| Linear sweep voltammetry | Short-term experiment of accelerated pitting corrosion under different solutions. | [124] |
| Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) | Electrochemical characterization and stability of formed films. | [47,122] |