Fig. 3.

Apoptotic activity of ZnO chips is due to the released zinc ions, not electrical conductivity. (A) A scheme of Hall’s measurement. (B) The electrical conductivity of ZnO chips with respect to the number of ALD cycles. (C) The conductivity of 400-cycle ZnO chips was measured after 250 °C thermal annealing treatment (black dots). The amount of released zinc ions in 400-cycle ZnO chips after thermal annealing treatment was measured by ICP analysis after incubation with culture media for 24 h (orange bars). (D) The effect of thermal annealing time on the number of apoptotic Raji cells was evaluated using the Muse™ Cell Analyzer. Cells were incubated with chips for 24 h. The percent of apoptotic cell number is presented.