Fig. 4.

ZnO chips selectively induce apoptosis of Raji cells with induction of ROS. Apoptotic activity of zinc ions released from chips was evaluated in Raji cells (A) and PBMCs (B) using the Muse™ Cell Analyzer. (C) ROS generation was evaluated with the Amplex Red Hydrogen Peroxidase assay kit after Raji cells were cultured with glass substrate or a 400-cycle ZnO chip. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. (D) Oxidative stress was measured using the Muse™ Oxidative Stress kit. The percent of cells exhibiting ROS in the red M2 gate (Supplementary Fig. 2) is presented.