Fig. 3.

Biodiversity effects on primary productivity (proxy: EVI_GS; A and B), its temporal stability ($\mathbf{C}{\mathbf{V}}_{\mathbf{E}\mathbf{V}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{G}\mathbf{S}}}^{-1}$; C and D), and on the trend in growing season lengthening in 2000–2015 (GSL-lengthening; E and F). Effects were tested using an indicator combining the species richness of several taxa (S: plants, birds, butterflies), or of vascular plants alone (S_plants). Dashed lines, overall effects; solid lines, model predictions for given altitudes; shaded areas, SEs of model predictions; P < 0.001 for all effects of biodiversity; n = 447 plots; see Table S1 for models and F statistics.