Fig. S1.

Path diagrams showing effects of biodiversity (S) on 16-y average productivity (proxy: EVI_GS; A, D, and E), its temporal stability ($\mathbf{C}{\mathbf{V}}_{\mathbf{E}\mathbf{V}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{G}\mathbf{S}}}^{-1}$; B and D) and the temporal trend of growing season lengthening (GSL lengthening; C and E). In addition to biodiversity, the structural equation models account for influences of altitude (Alt.) and variables related to land cover and climate. Only the standardized path coefficients are shown because the correlation of exogenous variables is described in Fig. 5B. Residual variances of the response variables are depicted with gray arrows (n = 447; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; n.s., not significant). Forest, fraction of plot covered by forest; Precip., annual precipitation; Temp., mean annual temperature.