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(A) VSMC apoptosis detected by flow cytomety with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Bar graphs show the means ± SEM from three independent experiments (n=3). **P < 0.01 versus the CON. (B) Representative images of Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. (C) TUNEL assay of apoptotic VSMCs (green). (D) JC-1 staining. TCM treatment reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (green). Bars, 100 μm.
