Table 1.

Examples of clinical trial partnerships building research capacity in developing countries.

Collaboration	Partners	Objectives
KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Program (KWTRP), 1989 http://kemri-wellcome.org/about-us/	•Kenya Medical Research Institute •Wellcome Trust •University of Oxford •National Ministry of Health	•To conduct research to the highest international scientific and ethical standards on the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the region to provide the evidence base to improve health. •To train an internationally competitive cadre of Kenyan and African research leaders to ensure the long-term development of health research in Africa •Initial work focused on malaria, pneumonia, meningitis, HIV and malnutrition
Aeras, 1997 http://www.aeras.org/ Primarily funded by BMGF and European donor governments. Also supported by US government and partnerships with universities and pharmaceutical companies. 2015 Expenses US$44.7M	Nonprofit biotechnology organization, partners with: individuals, research organizations, academic institutions, funders, policymakers, and others.	•Advance TB vaccine science and development including, •Conduct epidemiological studies •Evaluate TB vaccines from preclinical through post-licensure clinical studies •Improve infrastructure and enhance capacity in high-burden countries for lasting impact •Facilitate community engagement in TB vaccine clinical research
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), 2003 http://www.edctp.org/	Public-public partnership: •countries in Europe •sub-Saharan Africa •European Union	•Support collaborative research that aims to accelerate the development of new or improved drugs, vaccines, microbicides and diagnostics against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria as well as other poverty-related infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa •Focus on phase II and III clinical trials.
Southeast Asia Influenza Clinical Research Network (SEA ICRN), 2005	•Hospitals and research institutions in: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia	•Conducting protocol-based, multi-institutional studies in accordance with international standards.
http://www.seaicrn.org/infobox.aspx?pageID=1	•National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (USA)	•Enhancing regional capacities for the conduct of clinical research, particularly local human resources.
	•Wellcome Trust (UK)	•Promptly disseminating information through presentations at meetings, publications of articles, and advising national authorities.
		•Carrying out research that addresses the strategic priorities of partner Governments and others including the Millenium Development Goals.
Historical Vaccine Specific Collaborations
Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative, 2001 continued as Dengue Vaccine Initiative, 2011–2016 http://www.denguevaccine.org/ Meningitis Vaccine Project, 2001–2014 http://www.meningvax.org/index.php BMGF awarded PATH US$70 M grant to launch MVP and US$17 M extension grant following development of MenAfriVac®	Consortium of: •International Vaccine Institute •WHO •International Vaccine Access Center •Sabin Vaccine Institute •PATH •WHO	•Develop evidence for decision-making regarding the introduction of dengue vaccines •Conduct policy and access-related activities at national, regional and global levels to support vaccine introduction •Enable decision-making for countries interested in early adoption of a dengue vaccine •To develop meningococcal conjugate vaccines that are appropriate for use in Africa. •To monitor the effectiveness and safety of the vaccines in controlled clinical trials. •To create pathways for the licensure of vaccines. •To ensure production in sufficient volume at a price that facilitates wide use in Africa. •To investigate innovative ways to finance the procurement of vaccines through local, country, and other global programs. •To introduce the vaccines through mass and routine immunization in synergy with other public health programs.
Malaria Clinical Trials Alliance, 2006 BMGF funded over $6 M from 2006–200833	African-led alliance, partnered with •Malaria Vaccine Initiative •Medicines for Malaria Venture	•To facilitate the development of sufficient near-term capacity in Africa to conduct GCP regulated clinical trials for malaria vaccines and drugs.
		•To support, strengthen, mentor and network trial sites to facilitate their progression toward self-sustaining clinical research centers.