Table 5.
Predictors of the development of depression over 1 year
| Bivariate analyses, OR (95% CI), p-value | Model #1: Covariatesa + Poverty, OR (95% CI), p-value | Model #2: Covariatesa + Education, OR (95% CI), p-value | Model #3: Covariatesa + Income, OR (95% CI), p-value | Model #4: Covariatesa + Financial Strain, OR (95% CI), p-value | Model #5: Covariatesa + Poverty + Education + Financial Strain, OR (95% CI), p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.00 (0.99–1.01), > 0.99 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01), 0.66 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01), 0.61 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01), 0.26 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01), 0.79 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02), 0.80 |
| Married or living with a partner | 0.69 (0.50–0.94)*, 0.02 | 0.80 (0.56–1.14), 0.22 | 0.77 (0.54–1.11), 0.16 | 0.80 (0.55–1.17), 0.25 | 0.87 (0.59–1.27), 0.46 | 0.87 (0.60–1.26), 0.46 |
| Living below poverty | 2.33 (1.53–3.54)*, < 0.01 | 1.16 (0.70–1.91), 0.56 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1.01 (0.59–1.74), 0.96 |
| Household Income | ||||||
| < $40,000 | 2.08 (1.40–3.10)*, < 0.01 | n/a | n/a | 1.06 (0.64–1.75), 0.82 | n/a | n/a |
| $40,000 to < $80,000 | 0.92 (0.64–1.32), 0.64 | n/a | n/a | 1.15 (0.76–1.72), 0.52 | n/a | n/a |
| ≥ $80,000 (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Education | ||||||
| Did not graduate college | 1.60 (1.13–2.26)*, 0.01 | n/a | 1.03 (0.69–1.54), 0.87 | n/a | n/a | 0.98 (0.65–1.48), 0.93 |
| College graduate (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| General Health | ||||||
| Baseline depression (CES-D score) | 1.18 (1.15–1.21)*, < 0.01 | 1.14 (1.11–1.18)*, < 0.01 | 1.15 (1.11–1.18)*, < 0.01 | 1.15 (1.12–1.18)*, < 0.01 | 1.14 (1.11–1.18)*, < 0.01 | 1.14 (1.11–1.18)*, < 0.01 |
| Physical functioning (SF-36 score) | 0.96 (0.94–0.97)*, < 0.01 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01), 0.45 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01), 0.42 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01), 0.29 | 1.00 (0.97–1.02), 0.65 | 1.00 (0.97–1.02), 0.65 |
| SLE Disease Characteristics | ||||||
| Disease activity, SLAQ score (per five-point increment) | 1.60 (1.44–1.77)*, < 0.01 | 1.24 (1.07–1.45)*, 0.01 | 1.24 (1.07–1.45)*, 0.01 | 1.25 (1.07–1.46)*, < 0.01 | 1.23 (1.05–1.43)*, 0.01 | 1.23 (1.05–1.43)*, 0.01 |
| Disease damage, mean (SD) BILD score | 1.09 (1.01–1.17)*, 0.03 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06), 0.54 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06), 0.54 | 0.96 (0.87–1.06), 0.43 | 0.96 (0.88–1.06), 0.42 | 0.96 (0.88–1.06), 0.42 |
| Financial Strain | ||||||
| High | 2.53 (1.81–3.52)*, < 0.01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1.85 (1.09–3.16)*, 0.02 | 1.85 (1.06–3.23)*, 0.03 |
| Moderate | 1.16 (0.87–1.53), 0.31 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1.39 (0.91–2.13), 0.13 | 1.39 (0.91–2.13), 0.13 |
| None (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
*
significant at p < 0.05
a
Age, marital status, race/ethnicity, obesity, current smoking status, baseline CES-D score, SF-36 physical functioning score, SLE disease duration, disease activity (SLAQ score), disease damage (BILD score)