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. 2017 Sep 27;7:12352. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12390-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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CPPecp effect on MCh triggered Penh in mice exposed to mite proteins. Penh was measured in six treatment groups after stimulation with 6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg/ml methacholine (MCh) for 1 min. The values are presented as a ratio with respect to the baseline Penh (before MCh stimulation) for each group. The mIT group showed a much higher Penh/baseline ratio change after stimulation with 12.5 and 25 mg/ml MCh than control, cIN + mIT + cIN and cIN groups (p < 0.001). The cIN + mIT and mIT + cIN groups showed lower stimulation than mite group treated with 25 mg/ml MCh (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively), but not with 12.5 mg/ml MCh. Thus, CPPecp clearly decreased allergen-induced AHR. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.0001.