Table 3.
Identification of explanatory variables: associations with nationality
| British | Chinese | AOR | 95% CI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | |||
| Attitudes towards violence | ||||||
| Fear of violent victimization | 289 | 14.1 | 581 | 14.5 | 1.14 | 0.91–1.42 |
| Avoids violence | 1325 | 64.8 | 2431 | 59.7 | 0.76** | 0.64–0.90 |
| Was taught not to back down from fight | 714 | 34.9 | 881 | 21.7 | 0.49*** | 0.41–0.58 |
| If threatened with weapon: would do nothing | 630 | 30.8 | 582 | 14.5 | 0.38*** | 0.32–0.46 |
| If threatened with weapon: would run away | 789 | 38.5 | 2283 | 57.0 | 2.12*** | 1.80–2.49 |
| If threatened with weapon: would retaliate violently | 531 | 26.0 | 1795 | 44.7 | 2.20*** | 1.86–2.61 |
| If threatened with weapon: would get a weapon | 147 | 7.2 | 821 | 20.4 | 3.23*** | 2.53–4.12 |
| Easily loses temper, becomes violent | 214 | 10.4 | 716 | 17.7 | 1.76*** | 1.41–2.21 |
| Believes to be better in a fist fight | 617 | 30.1 | 845 | 20.7 | 0.53*** | 0.44–0.63 |
| Violent ruminations | 172 | 8.4 | 262 | 6.5 | 0.61** | 0.45–0.83 |
| Violent if disrespected | 358 | 17.5 | 1181 | 29.0 | 1.88*** | 1.56–2.26 |
| Feels remorse due to violent behaviour | 291 | 14.2 | 606 | 14.9 | 0.97 | 0.79–1.20 |
| Excited by violence | 125 | 6.1 | 188 | 4.6 | 0.77 | 0.56–1.06 |
| Has been actively looking for fights | 79 | 3.9 | 264 | 6.5 | 1.74** | 1.21–2.51 |
| Instrumental violence | 63 | 3.1 | 102 | 2.5 | 0.75 | 0.47–1.21 |
| Carried a knife | 106 | 5.2 | 479 | 11.8 | 2.41*** | 1.78–3.26 |
| Violence at sporting events | 114 | 5.6 | 211 | 5.2 | 0.82 | 0.60–1.11 |
| Gang fights | 56 | 2.8 | 425 | 10.5 | 3.69*** | 2.55–5.32 |
| Victim of violence | 335 | 16.4 | 454 | 11.4 | 0.63*** | 0.50–0.80 |
| Childhood maltreatment | ||||||
| Witnessing domestic violence | 309 | 15.1 | 546 | 13.2 | 0.80 | 0.64–1.01 |
| Sexual abuse/assault | 48 | 2.4 | 30 | 0.8 | 0.43** | 0.23–0.81 |
| Physical abuse | 125 | 6.1 | 66 | 1.7 | 0.26*** | 0.17–0.39 |
| Neglect | 78 | 3.8 | 640 | 15.9 | 4.90*** | 3.62–6.62 |
| In care | 77 | 3.9 | 65 | 1.6 | 0.38** | 0.20–0.73 |
| Psychiatric morbidities | ||||||
| Psychosis | 39 | 2.0 | 203 | 5.0 | 2.91*** | 1.85–4.57 |
| Anxiety | 212 | 10.7 | 376 | 9.2 | 0.96 | 0.73–1.26 |
| Depression | 151 | 7.6 | 560 | 13.8 | 2.31*** | 1.72–3.09 |
| Hazardous drinking | 894 | 47.1 | 1236 | 32.3 | 0.49*** | 0.41–0.59 |
| Alcohol abuse | 273 | 14.0 | 276 | 6.9 | 0.46*** | 0.37–0.59 |
| Alcohol dependence | 140 | 7.2 | 139 | 3.4 | 0.49*** | 0.36–0.68 |
| Drug abuse | 287 | 14.9 | 51 | 1.2 | 0.07*** | 0.05–0.11 |
| Antisocial personality disorder | 248 | 12.6 | 179 | 4.4 | 0.28*** | 0.21–0.37 |
Adjusted for higher educational qualifications, single marital status, ethnic minority, lower occupational class, and age. Reference group: British young men
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001