Table 4.

Identification of explanatory variables: associations with any violence in the total combined sample (British and Chinese men)

	AOR	95% CI
Attitudes towards violence
Fear of violent victimization	1.48**	1.14–1.91
Avoids violence	0.66***	0.53–0.82
Was taught not to back down from fight	2.94***	2.38–3.64
If threatened with weapon: would do nothing	0.75*	0.60–0.95
If threatened with weapon: would run away	0.82	0.66–1.02
If threatened with weapon: would retaliate violently	3.17***	2.57–3.93
If threatened with weapon: would get a weapon	3.44***	2.66–4.46
Easily loses temper, becomes violent	3.49***	2.69–4.52
Believes to be better in a fist fight	4.54***	3.63–5.67
Violent ruminations	4.72***	3.39–6.57
Violent if disrespected	3.28***	2.63–4.10
Feels remorse due to violent behaviour	6.25***	4.89–7.99
Excited by violence	8.03***	5.54–11.66
Has been actively looking for fights	9.51***	6.11–14.80
Instrumental violence	5.93***	3.38–10.42
Carried a knife	3.94***	2.86–5.44
Violence at sporting events	4.06***	2.82–5.83
Gang fights	5.94***	3.93–8.97
Victim of violence	4.20***	3.27–5.39
Childhood maltreatment
Witnessing domestic violence	1.77***	1.38–2.29
Sexual abuse/assault	2.32**	1.31–4.09
Physical abuse	2.74***	1.90–3.93
Neglect	1.24	0.92–1.68
In care	2.10	0.89–4.95
Psychiatric morbidities
Psychosis	2.79***	1.74–4.48
Anxiety	1.98***	1.47–2.67
Depression	0.60*	0.41–0.89
Hazardous drinking	2.95***	2.38–3.65
Alcohol abuse	2.76***	2.14–3.56
Alcohol dependence	2.87***	2.04–4.03
Drug abuse	5.10***	3.83–6.79
Antisocial personality disorder	9.92***	7.15–13.76

Adjusted for higher educational qualifications, single marital status, ethnic minority, lower occupational class, and age

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001