Glial cells origin |
S100-Beta |
Associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction |
Diagnosis |
[157,158,161,162,163,164,165] |
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) |
Associated with the size of brain lesions, the neurological status and short-term functional outcome |
Prognosis: outcome prediction |
[157,161,162,166,167,168,169,170,171] |
Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) |
Associated with worsened outcome |
Prognosis: outcome prediction |
[172,173,174,175] |
Neuronal cells origin |
Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) |
Associated with neurological outcomes and infarct volume |
Prognosis: outcome prediction |
[129,157,158,161,162,163,166,176,177] |
Ubiquitin Carboxyl-terminal Hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) |
Associated with the extent of the neuronal injury |
Prognosis: outcome prediction |
[157,158,178,179,180,181] |
Creatinine Kinase-BB (CKBB) |
Associated with the extent and severity of the brain damage and the recovery potential |
Prognosis and recovery |
[182,183] |
Heart muscle cells (cardio-myocytes) origin |
B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) |
Associated with CEI ischemic stroke, increased mortality and second stroke indication |
Prognosis: subtype classification and recovery: second stroke prevention |
[87,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,124,156,184,185,186] |
Blood vessels cells (myocytes) origin |
Matrix Metallo-Proteinase 9 (MMP-9) |
Associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and second stroke indication |
Diagnosis and recovery: second stroke prevention |
[187,188,189,190,191] |
General inflammatory cytokines and proteins |
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1b (IL-1b), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) |
Associated with CEI ischemic stroke subtype |
Prognosis: subtype classification |
[166,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199] |
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratios (NLR) |
Associated with increased mortality and LAA ischemic stroke subtype |
Prognosis: subtype classification and recovery |
[199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206] |
Cytoskeleton proteins |
Neurofilaments (NF) |
Associated with disconnected axons |
Prognosis |
[207,208,209] |
Cleaved-tau (C-tau) |
Associated with neuronal degeneration and disease progression |
Prognosis |
[157,158,172,210,211,212,213] |
Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) |
Associated with dendritic injury |
Prognosis |
[214,215,216,217] |
Alpha-II spectrin break-down products (SBDPs) |
Associated with apoptosis and necrotic neuronal death |
Prognosis |
[157,218,219,220,221] |
Hemostatic proteins |
D-dimer (DD) |
Associated with CEI ischemic stroke subtype and recurrence strokes |
Prognosis: subtype classification |
[11,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240] |
C-reactive protein (CRP) |
Associated with AIS diagnosis, stroke severity and LAA ischemic stroke subtype |
Prognosis: subtype classification |
[11,241,242,243,244,245] |
Fibrin monomer complex (FMC) |
Associated with stroke early recognition and CEI ischemic stroke subtype |
Diagnosis and prognosis: subtype classification |
[246] |
Soluble fibrin (SF) |
Associated with stroke early recognition and CEI ischemic stroke subtype |
Diagnosis and prognosis: subtype classification |
[246] |
Fibrinogen |
Associated with stroke early recognition |
Diagnosis |
[246,247] |
Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs) |
Associated with stroke early recognition |
Diagnosis |
[246] |
Von willebrand factor (vWF) |
Associated with stroke early recognition and LAC ischemic stroke subtype |
Diagnosis and prognosis: subtype classification |
[247] |
Lipids origin |
Triglycerides |
Associated with LAA ischemic stroke subtype |
Prognosis: subtype classification |
[248,249,250] |
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)/High density lipoprotein (HDL) |
Associated with LAA ischemic stroke subtype |
Prognosis: subtype classification |
[248,249,250] |
Heart fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) |
Associated with early diagnosis of stroke |
Diagnosis |
[251,252] |
Free fatty acid (FFA) |
Associated with CEI ischemic stroke subtype |
Prognosis: subtype classification |
[253] |
ApoA |
Associated with LAA ischemic stroke subtype, and stroke severity |
Prognosis: subtype classification and outcome prediction |
[254,255] |
ApoE4 |
Associated with ischemic stroke diagnosis (vs. hemorrhagic stroke) and with LAC and LAA ischemic stroke subtypes |
Diagnosis and prognosis: subtype classification |
[249,256] |
Metabolic proteins |
lactate dehydrogenase (LD) |
Associated with the extent and severity of the brain damage and the recovery potential |
Prognosis and recovery |
[182,257] |
Albumin |
Associated with CEI ischemic stroke subtype |
Prognosis: subtype classification |
[258] |
Others |
Decorin |
Associated with LAA ischemic stroke subtype |
Prognosis: subtype classification |
[259] |