Table 1.
Phenolic acid composition of fruits and vegetables before and after 15 days of storage at 4 °C.
| Fruits and Vegetables | Phenolic Acids Content (mg/100 g fw) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gal | Pro | Chl | Caf | Van | Syr | p-Cou | Fer | Sin | Sal | Ell | Cin | |
| Amaranth leaves | 7960.53 ± 7.95 | 121.44 ± 0.12 | 175.01 ± 0.03 | 3.57 ± 0.19 | 27.15 ± 4.90 | 0.68 ± 0.01 | 0.67 ± 0.00 | 2.15 ± 0.06 | 384.57 ± 0.25 | 5.97 ± 0.03 | 188.74 ± 3.33 | 82.73 ± 0.12 |
| (18,886.11 ± 13.34) * | (335.09 ± 0.55) * | (236.67 ± 0.51) | (3.20 ± 0.04) | (160.82 ± 1.20) | (1.35 ± 0.01) | (1.41 ± 0.00) * | (2.22 ± 0.01) | (361.87 ± 2.27) | (7.80 ± 0.09) | (636.05 ± 9.22) | (52.35 ± 0.31) | |
| Dill leaves | - | - | 236.23 ± 0.00 | 1.16 ± 0.00 | 432.64 ± 0.00 | 17.25 ± 0.00 | - | 1.76 ± 0.02 | 2587.19 ± 0.52 | 7.97 ± 0.08 | 12,231.48 ± 0.68 | 24.01 ± 0.25 |
| (648.90 ± 7.93) | - | (912.15 ± 0.79) * | (57.72 ± 0.25) * | (1714.27 ± 0.66) * | (52.31 ± 0.15) * | (2.28 ± 0.01) * | (5.61 ± 0.07) * | (5001.95 ± 6.4) * | (42.21 ± 0.89) * | (12,429.06 ± 5.50) | (173.46 ± 0.28) * | |
| Onion leaves | - | - | 66.94 ± 0.05 | 1.25 ± 0.01 | 210.41 ± 0.60 | 1.73 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 1.01 ± 0.02 | 1392.04 ± 0.13 | 11.49 ± 0.16 | 3655.16 ± 3.75 | - |
| (36.54 ± 1.42) | (23.66 ± 0.21) | (74.58 ± 0.05) | (3.94 ± 0.02) | (856.61 ± 0.06) * | (3.28 ± 0.14) | (0.71 ± 0.02) * | (7.60 ± 0.01) * | (1068.49 ± 1.34) | (9.90 ± 0.15) | (2187.94 ± 1.99) | (19.72 ± 0.02) | |
| Fenugreek leaves | - | 26.45 ± 0.34 | 35.8 ± 0.02 | 3.18 ± 0.03 | 1530.38 ± 0.92 | 36.39 ± 0.01 | 2.68 ± 0.00 | 6.98 ± 0.02 | 870.21 ± 1.21 | 11.37 ± 0.03 | 681.97 ± 2.30 | 18.86 ± 0.25 |
| - | (10.87 ± 0.47) | (56.88 ± 0.01) | (4.96 ± 0.06) | (2708.97 ± 0.38) * | (52.73 ± 0.02) * | (1.06 ± 0.02) * | (10.52 ± 0.19) * | (1374.82 ± 0.00) | (27.22 ± 0.31) * | (989.15 ± 5.85) | (17.54 ± 1.38) | |
| Spinach leaves | - | - | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 206.69 ± 0.00 | 0.38 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.35 ± 0.00 | 105.49 ± 0.01 | 1.17 ± 0.02 | 323.05 ± 5.06 | 48.24 ± 0.48 |
| - | - | (1.21 ± 0.01) | - | (413.8 ± 0.31) | (1.40 ± 0.01) | (2.21 ± 0.01) * | (1.77 ± 0.00) | (177.33 ± 0.6) | (5.35 ± 0.05) | (2616.59 ± 9.61) * | (306.8 ± 0.81) * | |
| Cabbage | - | - | 1.45 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 244.24 ± 2.35 | 0.5 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 8.18 ± 0.06 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 630.94 ± 1.8 | 3.23 ± 0.02 |
| (11.44 ± 0.06) | (1.22 ± 0.03) | (3.26 ± 0.08) | (0.22 ± 0.00) | (197.15 ± 0.15) | (0.88 ± 0.02) | (0.19 ± 0.00) | (2.01 ± 0.01) * | (14.12 ± 0.21) | (4.29 ± 0.03) | (1046.28 ± 0.99) | (5.31 ± 0.01) | |
| Green pepper | - | 8.31 ± 0.02 | 3.49 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 1.63 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 4.10 ± 0.20 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 7.31 ± 0.16 | 3.63 ± 0.00 |
| (3.40 ± 0.61) | (19.36 ± 0.01) | (1.02 ± 0.04) | - | (8.53 ± 0.08) | (0.05 ± 0.00) | (0.02 ± 0.01) | (0.1 ± 0.01) | (17.77 ± 0.02) | (0.35 ± 0.05) | (96.10 ± 0.42) | (2.78 ± 0.00) | |
| Cauliflower | - | 30.83 ± 0.22 | 13.21 ± 0.02 | 3.89 ± 0.02 | 410.92 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.00 | 0.70 ± 0.00 | 0.56 ± 0.00 | 6.04 ± 0.11 | 3.21 ± 0.05 | 611.03 ± 0.29 | 4.26 ± 0.04 |
| - | (18.69 ± 0.30) | (7.49 ± 0.01) | (0.29 ± 0.00) | (221.11 ± 0.12) | (0.32 ± 0.00) | (0.53 ± 0.04) | (1.55 ± 0.01) | - | (1.38 ± 0.04) | (472.51 ± 1.73) | - | |
| Eggplant | - | - | 638.03 ± 0.03 | 27.91 ± 0.02 | - | 3.09 ± 0.07 | - | - | 436.38 ± 0.07 | - | - | - |
| - | - | (611.38 ± 0.24) | (30.93 ± 0.03) | - | (3.88 ± 0.01) | - | - | (78.97 ± 0.27) | - | - | - | |
| Tomato | - | - | 20.09 ± 3.14 | 1.96 ± 0.00 | 24.18 ± 0.06 | - | - | 0.70 ± 0.03 | 114.05 ± 0.09 | 6.48 ± 0.01 | 51.84 ± 0.15 | 2.84 ± 0.02 |
| (26.18 ± 0.22) | - | (24.15 ± 0.01) | (1.34 ± 0.02) | - | - | - | (0.70 ± 0.01) | (48.84 ± 0.18) | (6.09 ± 0.03) | (308.61 ± 2.36) | - | |
| Carrot | - | - | 36.71 ± 1.14 | 1.65 ± 0.02 | 265.02 ± 9.41 | 1.65 ± 0.26 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 48.52 ± 3.66 | 3.80 ± 0.41 | - | 32.31 ± 4.82 |
| - | - | (20.26 ± 0.62) | (1.49 ± 0.02) | (9.95 ± 1.60) | (0.44 ± 0.07) | (0.24 ± 0.04) | (0.15 ± 0.04) | (3.13 ± 7.32) | (2.50 ± 0.56) | (53.32 ± 4.16) | (5.65 ± 0.90) | |
| Potato | - | - | 11.45 ± 0.04 | 1.01 ± 0.02 | 6.40 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 8.03 ± 0.07 | 1.08 ± 0.04 | 46.28 ± 0.24 | 9.54 ± 0.14 |
| - | - | (18.13 ± 0.04) | (1.18 ± 0.00) | (10.23 ± 0.07) | (0.65 ± 0.02) | (0.03 ± 0.00) | (0.11 ± 0.01) | (5.92 ± 0.01) | (1.37 ± 0.01) | (41.48 ± 0.22) | (6.25 ± 0.02) | |
| Sugar beet | - | - | 7.48 ± 0.12 | - | - | 1.31 ± 0.00 | - | 0.54 ± 0.02 | 46.21 ± 0.09 | - | 274.08 ± 0.79 | - |
| (10.08 ± 2.97) | - | - | (0.34 ± 0.02) | - | (0.56 ± 0.01) | - | - | (72.67 ± 0.22) | (3.57 ± 0.12) | (117.13 ± 0.73) | (3.62 ± 0.01) | |
| Apple | - | - | 1.11 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 31 ± 0.07 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | - | - | 34.34 ± 0.09 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | - | - |
| - | - | (33.23 ± 0.03) | (0.95 ± 0.02) | (34.15 ± 0.05) | (0.27 ± 0.01) | - | (0.18 ± 0.00) | (41.62 ± 0.17) | (0.75 ± 0.01) | - | - | |
| Sapota | - | - | 16.29 ± 0.25 | 0.23 ± 0.00 | 21.4 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | - | - | 6.82 ± 0.05 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | - | - |
| - | (2.17 ± 0.02) | (7.36 ± 0.01) | (0.22 ± 0.05) | (15.05 ± 0.07) | (0.06 ± 0.02) | - | - | (26.45 ± 0.04) | (1.12 ± 0.01) | (35.02 ± 0.97) | - | |
| Pomegranate | - | - | 3.04 ± 0.64 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 68.47 ± 0.14 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | - | 38.33 ± 0.06 | 1.04 ± 0.01 | 40.36 ± 5.35 | 2.16 ± 0.04 |
| - | - | (3.38 ± 0.01) | (0.15 ± 0.07) | (14.62 ± 0.01) | (0.13 ± 0.00) | (0.11 ± 0.03) | (0.12 ± 0.02) | (5.23 ± 0.11) | (2.75 ± 0.01) | (33.68 ± 0.22) | - | |
| Banana | - | - | 0.51 ± 0.00 | - | 5.69 ± 0.00 | - | 0.39 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | (0.20 ± 0.01) | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Grape | - | - | 8.18 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | 0.18 ± 0.00 | - | 94.74 ± 0.01 | 27.81 ± 0.02 | 79.01 ± 0.87 | 2.97 ± 0.02 |
| (15.95 ± 0.05) | - | (5.41 ± 0.01) | (0.13 ± 0.01) | (8.91 ± 0.16) | (0.09 ± 0.02) | (0.11 ± 0.01) | - | (42.08 ± 0.01) | (13.95 ± 0.01) * | - | - | |
| Orange juice | - | 20.44 ± 0.11 | - | - | 89.97 ± 0.61 | 3.77 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.01 | - | 70.03 ± 0.16 | 1.06 ± 0.02 | - | 25.03 ± 0.06 |
| - | - | - | - | (42.78 ± 0.04) | (2.65 ± 0.04) | (0.09 ± 0.03) * | (0.21 ± 0.00) | (30.76 ± 0.11) | (7.24 ± 0.01) * | - | (19.22 ± 0.05) | |
Chromatograms were integrated using Empower 3 software, peaks were identified by comparing with retention times and UV spectra of standards, and each phenolic acid content was calculated according to peak area. Values are presented as the mean ± SE of three replicates. Values in brackets represent the phenolic acid content after 15 days of storage at 4 °C. * indicate significant differences (Fisher’s LSD, p < 0.05) between values before and after storage. Gal = Gallic acid, Pro = protocatechuic acid, Chl = chlorogenic acid, Caf = caffeic acid, Van = vanillic acid, Syr = syringic acid, p-Cou = para-coumaric acid, Fer = ferulic acid, Sin = sinapic acid, Sal = salicylic acid, Ell = ellagic acid and Cin = trans-cinnamic acid.