Table 2.
Bilayer lipid membrane biosensors for environmental monitoring and clinical diagnostics.
| Analyte | Biological System/Membrane | Transducer Type | Detection Limit | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amyloid-β protein | Cholesterol incorporated liposomes | Micro-cantilever with NiCr thin film strain gauge | 75 nM | [73] |
| Amyloid-β protein, real time continuous monitoring of fibrilization | Liposomes | Micro-cantilever with NiCr thin film strain gauge | 1 μΜ | [74] |
| Atenolol | Polymerized membranes | Ag/AgCl electrodes | 20 μM | [75] |
| Botulinum neurotoxin | Trisialoganglioside functionalized liposomes | Fluorescence | – | [76] |
| Carbofuran pesticidein foods | Resorcinarene receptor/glass filter supported membranes | Fluorescence | 1 nM | [77] |
| Carbofuran pesticide in foods | Calixarene receptor/polymerized membranes | Graphene-nanosheets- based electrodes |
1 μΜ | [78] |
| Carbofuran pesticide in foods | Acetylcholinesterase/polymerized membranes | Ag/AgCl electrodes | 1 nM | [79] |
| Cholera toxin | Ganglioside GM1/liposomes | Chemiluminescence | 0.8 pM | [80] |
| Cholera toxin in water | Ganglioside GM1/polymerized membranes | Graphene-nanosheets- based electrodes |
1 nM | [55] |
| Cholesterol | Cholesterol oxidase/polymerized membranes | Graphene-nanosheets-based electrodes | 0.1 μM | [81] |
| d-dimer | Antibody/polymerized membranes | Graphene-nanosheets- based electrodes |
1 μM | [82] |
| Dichlorvos pesticide | Acetylcholinesterase/liposome-chitosan nanocomposite | Ag/AgCl electrodes | 0.25 μM | [83] |
| Dopamine | Peroxidase/dithiotreitol supported membranes | Au electrode | 2 μM | [84] |
| Dopamine in human urine | Pirogallolarene receptor/polymerized membranes | Fluorescence | 1 nM | [85] |
| Enzyme activity, reagentless monitoring of | Langmuir-Blodgett membranes | Electro-chemiluminescence | – | [86] |
| Ephedrine in human urine | Permethoxy receptor/polymerized membranes | Fluorescence | 1 nM | [85] |
| Glucose | Glucose oxidase/microperoxidase functionalized liposomes | Indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode | 8.6 μM | [87] |
| Glycoproteins in serum | Concanavalin A/liposomes | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | not reported | [88] |
| Hydrazine pesticides in water | DNA/glass filter supported membranes | Ag/AgCl electrodes | 78 pM | [89] |
| Hydrogen peroxide | Peroxidase/polymerized membrane | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | 0.1 μΜ | [90] |
| Naphthalene acetic acid in foods | Auxin-binding protein receptor/polymerized membranes | Graphene-nanosheets-based electrodes | 10 nM | [91] |
| Nitrites in soil | Methaemoglobin/metal- supported membranes |
Ag/AgCl electrodes | 0.9 μg/L | [92] |
| Polychlorinated biphenyls (arochlor) | Antibody/polymerized membranes | Ag/AgCl electrodes | 10 pM | [93] |
| Saxitoxin in foods and water | Anti-saxitoxin receptor/polymerized membranes | Graphene-nanosheets-based electrodes | 1 nM | [54] |
| Triazine herbicides in water | Metal supported membranes | Ag/AgCl electrodes | 15 nM | [94] |
| Urea | Urease/polymerized membranes | Graphene-nanosheets-based electrodes | 1 μM | [95] |
| Uric acid | Uricase/polymerized membranes | ZnO nanowires-based electrodes | 1 μM | [96] |
| Vanillin in alcoholic beverages and wine | Polymerized membranes | Ag/AgCl electrodes | 0.3 μM | [97] |