Table 1.

Student Survey Results *.

Evaluation Item or Instrument **	Pre-Course {Median, [95% CI]}	Post-Course {Median, [95% CI]}	p Value
Self-Rated Knowledge Items
Knowledge of Jazz	2 [2, 3]	4 [4, 5]	<0.001
Enjoyment of Jazz	4 [4, 5]	5 [4, 6]	0.002
Understanding of Improvisation	4 [3, 4]	5 [5, 6]	<0.001
Understanding of Patient–Physician Communication	5 [5, 6]	6 [6, 6]	0.003
Self-Rated Ability to Perform Tasks Related to Course Objectives	5.2 [5.0, 5.5]	5.5 [5.2, 5.7]	0.005
PPOS Score *** (6-point scale)	4.3 [4.2, 4.5]	4.3 [4.2, 4.6]	0.6
MAAS Score *** (6-point scale)	3.9 [3.7, 4.1]	3.8 [3.4, 4.1]	0.2
Communication Confidence Score *** (6-point scale)	4.0 [3.9, 4.1]	4.3 [4.1, 4.4]	0.01

* Comparison of student knowledge and attitudinal self-assessments before and after the course; ** All surveys used a seven-point scale except where otherwise noted; *** PPOS = Patient–Practitioner Orientation Scale, MAAS = Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Communication Confidence Score items adapted from the Harvard Communications Skills Form.