Table 3.
The 65 crotalines (pit vipers) included in the study (excluding one aberrant species), with the proportion of the ten major protein families in each venom (expressed as percent of total venom), which make up 80–100% of their venom proteome. Taxonomy follows Fenwick et al. 2009 [49].
| SPECIES | PLA2 | SVSP | SVMP | LAAO | CRiSP | CTL/SNACLEC | DIS | NP | DEF | MPi | %WV | REF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calloselasma rhodostoma | 4.4 | 14.9 | 41.2 | 7 | 2.5 | 26.3 | 96.3 | [50] | ||||
| Cryptelytrops purpureomaculatus | 8 | 12 | 35 | 10 | 6 | 19 | 2 | 92 | [51] | |||
| Gloydius brevicaudus | 25 | 3.7 | 64.4 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 4.6 | 99.9 | [52] | |||
| G. intermedius | 9.9 | 36.2 | 2.6 | 13.1 | 6.2 | 0.8 | 25.3 | 94.1 | [53] | |||
| Ovophis okinavensis | 0.65 | 93.1 | 4.2 | 0.62 | 0.47 | 99 | [54] | |||||
| Protobothrops elegans | 77.1 | 10.4 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 96.3 | [55] | ||||
| Protobothrops flavoviridis | 55.5 | 11.8 | 17.3 | 3.1 | 2 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 93.2 | [56] | |||
| P.mucrosquamatus | 22.5 | 10.4 | 43 | 2 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 3.6 | 87 | [57] | ||
| Viridovipera stejnegeri | 24.5 | 11 | 43.1 | 3.3 | 6 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 92.8 | [57] | ||
| Agkistrodon bilineatus (3 subsp) | 34.3–42 | 7.6–16.9 | 24.5–30.8 | 2.6–4.9 | 0–5.6 | 0.4–1.4 | 2.2–3.1 | 4.6–8.7 | 76.7+ | [58] | ||
| A. c. contortrix | 50.7 | 5.85 | 25 | 4 | 2 | 0.8 | 88.35 | [59] | ||||
| A. piscivorus (3 subsp) | 33.6–46 | 10.1–13.9 | 21–33.1 | 0.8–4.5 | 2–3.5 | 0.8–3.2 | 2.2–4.9 | 5.7–5.9 | 76.2 | [58] | ||
| Atropoides nummifer | 36.5 | 22 | 18.2 | 9.1 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 8.6 | 100 | [60] | ||
| A. picadoi | 9.5 | 13.5 | 66.4 | 2.2 | 4.8 | 1.8 | <0.1 | 1.8 | 100 | [60] | ||
| Bothriechis aurifer | 7.3 | 35.1 | 9.5 | 10.7 | 16.4 | 1.4 | 13.4 | 3.2 | 97 | [61] | ||
| B. bicolor | 35.2 | 19.1 | 8.5 | 10.8 | 1 | 4.4 | 7.6 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 94.8 | [61] | |
| B. marchi | 14.3 | 10.1 | 34.2 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 6.5 | 10.6 | 8.5 | 83.8 | [61] | |
| B. lateralis | 8.7 | 11.3 | 55.1 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 11.1 | 98.8 | [61] | ||||
| B. nigroviridis | 38.3 | 18.4 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 37 | 96.3 | [62] | |||||
| B. schlegelii | 43.8 | 5.8 | 17.7 | 8.9 | 2.1 | 13.4 | 91.7 | [61] | ||||
| B. supraciliaris | 13.4 | 15.2 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 21.9 | 69.1 | [63] | |||
| B. thalassinus | 12.1 | 39.6 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 11.5 | 2 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 95.1 | [61] | ||
| Bothrocophias campbelli | 43.1 | 21.3 | 15.8 | 5.7 | 0.9 | 6.4 | 0.3 | 3.9 | 97.4 | [64] | ||
| B. colombiensis | 44.3 | <1 | 42.1 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 5.6 | 0.8 | 99.5 | [65] | |||
| Bothropoides diporus | 24.1 | 7.2 | 34.2 | 7.4 | 2.9 | 1.4 | 15.9 | 2.6 | 95.7 | [66] | ||
| B. erythromelaus (5 populations) | 10.1–15.1 | 4–9.7 | 32.5–59.9 | 0.4 | 8.4–21.6 | 3.4–8.9 | 9.3–14.5 | 68+ | [67] | |||
| B. insularis | 10 | 12.5 | 30 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 31.3 | 11.3 | 97.7 | [68] | |||
| B. jaracara (south-east) | 3.7 | 13.7 | 35.6 | 7.2 | 2.4 | 9.6 | 7 | 16.4 | 95.6 | [69] | ||
| B. jaracara (south) | 20.2 | 28.6 | 10.3 | 8 | 2.6 | 9.4 | 0.2 | 22.6 | 100 | [69] | ||
| B. neuwiedi | 8.4 | 8.8 | 49.9 | 16.7 | 2 | 8.6 | 94.4 | [70] | ||||
| B. pauloensis | 31.9 | 10.5 | 38.1 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 12.4 | 99.8 | [71] | ||
| Bothrops asper (Caribbean coast) | 28.8 | 18.2 | 41 | 9.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 99.9 | [72] | |||
| B. asper (Pacific coast) | 45.5 | 4.4 | 44 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 100 | [72] | |||
| B. atrox (Western Para Brazil) | 5.7–7.5 | 9.7–14.1 | 46.5–54 | 8.7–9.4 | 3.7–4.3 | 10.2–13.1 | 84.5+ | [73] | ||||
| B. atrox (Colombia) | 24.1 | 10.9 | 48.5 | 4.7 | 2.6 | 7.1 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 99.9 | [74] | ||
| B. atrox (Venezuela) | 7.7–8.5 | 2.3 | 85 | 1.2–1.5 | 2.8–3.8 | 99+ | [75] | |||||
| B. atrox (Peru) | 11 | 11.1 | 58.2 | 10.5 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 100 | [76] | |||
| B. ayerbi | 0.7 | 9.3 | 53.7 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 10.1 | 2.3 | 8.3 | 88.8 | [77] | ||
| B. barnetti | 6.4 | 6.7 | 74.1 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 5.5 | 99.9 | [76] | |||
| B. caribbaeus | 12.8 | 4.7 | 68.6 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 98.8 | [78] | ||||
| B. jararacussu | 25.7 | 12.3 | 26.2 | 15 | 2.2 | 9.7 | 91.1 | [70] | ||||
| B. lanceolatus | 8.6 | 14.4 | 74.2 | 2.8 | <0.1 | 100 | [78] | |||||
| B. pictus | 14.1 | 7.7 | 68 | 1.1 | 8.9 | 99.8 | [76] | |||||
| B. pirajai | 40.2 | 7.1 | 20.7 | 5.2 | 9.2 | 1.4 | 5.6 | 89.4 | [79] | |||
| B. punctatus | 9.3 | 5.4 | 41.5 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 16.7 | 3.8 | 10.7 | 91.7 | [80] | ||
| Cerrophidion godmani | 23.4 | 19.1 | 32.8 | 5 | 4.2 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 5.7 | 98.2 | [81] | ||
| C. sasai | 23.4 | 19.1 | 32.8 | 5 | 4.2 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 5.7 | 98.2 | [82] | ||
| Crotalus adamanteus | 7.8 | 20 | 24.4 | 5.3 | 1.3 | 22.2 | 16.8 | 97.8 | [83] | |||
| C. atrox | 7.3 | 19.8 | 49.7 | 8 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 6.2 | 3 | 100 | [84] | ||
| C. basiliscus | 14 | 11 | 68 | 2 | 4 | 99 | [85] | |||||
| C. culminatus | 8.3 | 10.1 | 35.5 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 13 | 1.6 | 24.4 | 97.5 | [86] | ||
| C. durissus cascavella | 90.9 | 1.2 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.9 | <0.1 | 0.2 | 93.4 | [87] | |||
| C. d. collilineatus | 72 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 | <0.1 | 0.5 | 20.8 | 98 | [88] | ||
| C. d. terrificus | 48.5 | 25.3 | 3.9 | 77.7 | [89] | |||||||
| C. horridus | 22.8 | 58.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 82.3 | [90] | |||
| C. simus simus | 22.4 | 30.4 | 27.4 | 5.7 | 1 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 6.5 | 95.5 | [91] | ||
| C. tigris | 26.8 | 66.2 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 95.1 | [92] | ||||||
| C. tzabacan | 11.1 | 5.4 | 18.5 | 0.5 | 35.2 | 4.2 | 23.5 | 98.4 | [86] | |||
| C. viridis | 7.7–10.2 | 26.8 | 10.9–11.4 | 1.9–2.5 | 2.1–3.9 | 1.8–3.3 | 0.1 | 6.5–8.2 | 35.6–38 | 0.1 | 93.5+ | [93] |
| Sistrurus catenatus (3 subsp.) | 31.3-31.9 | 18.2-24.4 | 40.6-48.6 | 1.6-4.2 | 0.8-10.7 | 0.9-4.2 | 93.4+ | [94] | ||||
| S. miliarius | 32.5 | 17.1 | 36.1 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 7.7 | 98.4 | [94] | ||||
| Lachesis acrochorda | 2.3 | 35.1 | 23.2 | 9.6 | 0.9 | 6.9 | 21.5 | 99.5 | [95] | |||
| L. melanocephala | 13.4 | 21 | 18.9 | 3.6 | 7.5 | 30.2 | 94.6 | [94] | ||||
| L. muta muta | 8.7 | 31.2 | 31.9 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 7.9 | 14.7 | 98.9 | [94] | |||
| L. m. rhombeata | 10.8 | 26.5 | 29.5 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 28 | 99.4 | [96] | |||
| L. stenophrys | 14.1 | 21.2 | 30.6 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 27.1 | 99.3 | [94] | ||||
| Porthidium lansbergii | 16.2 | 4.5 | 35.5 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 6.7 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 93.2 | [97] | ||
| P. nasutum | 11.6 | 9.6 | 52.1 | 3 | 1.3 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 1.9 | 99.8 | [81] | ||
| P. ophryomegus | 13.5 | 7.3 | 45 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 8 | 16.7 | 4.2 | 98.6 | [97] | ||
| Rhinocerophis alternatus | 2 | 5.8 | 52.2 | 14.9 | 2.5 | 14.8 | 92.2 | [70] | ||||
| R. cotiara | 0.6 | 13 | 51 | 19.6 | 2.9 | 4.7 | 91.8 | [70] | ||||
| R. fonescai | 30.1 | 4.1 | 42.5 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 9.8 | 4.4 | 95.2 | [98] |
Abbreviations: PLA2, phospholipase A2; SVSP, snake venom serine protease; SVMP, snake venom metalloprotease; LAAO, l-amino acid oxidase; CRiSP, Cysteine-Rich Secretory Protein; CTL/SNACLEC, C-type lectins and C-type lectin like; DIS, disintegrin; NP, natriuretic peptides, including vasoactive peptides, bradykinin potentiating and inhibitory peptides; DEF, defensin (crotamine); MPi, snake venom metalloprotease inhibitor; %WV, percentage of whole venom.