Table 1.
AF activities of 1–198 towards microfouling (mainly by bacteria and diatoms) and macrofouling (mainly by B. amphitrite, B. albicostatus, B. improvises, B. neritina, M. edulis, P. viridis or H. roretzi).
| Compounds | AF Activity |
|---|---|
| 1–5 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 0.49, 0.45, 1.1, 1.3, 0.85 μg/mL |
| 6–9 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 < 0.5 μg/mL |
| 10–21 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 1.43, 0.72, 1.48, 1.16, 0.53, 0.74, 1.85, 0.92, 0.69, 0.27, 1.37, 0.41 μM |
| 22–23 | effective in deterring the settlement of the diatom N. closterium |
| 24–26 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 1.2, <0.5, <0.5 μg/mL |
| 27–30 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 0.65, 3.41, 0.65, 0.45 μg/mL |
| 31–32 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 2.5, 2.8 μg/mL |
| 33–34 | significant antilarval activity and toxicity towards B. amphitrite larvae |
| 35–37 | toxicity against the diatom N. closterium with EC50 = 5.24, 6.72, 3.52 μM, and against B. neritina larvae with EC50 = 1.59, 7.41, 1.22 μM |
| 38–39 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 2.5, 1.0 μg/mL |
| 40–43 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 0.24, 0.80, 0.53, 2.7 μg/mL |
| 44 | strongly deter fouling by invertebrates and algae |
| 45–48 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 < 7.0 μg/mL |
| 49 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 0.0335 μg/mL |
| 50 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 1.2 μg/mL; against B. neritina larvae, EC50 = 3.2 μg/mL |
| 51–52 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 13.86, 23.50 μg/mL |
| 53–54 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 =14.5, 16.7 µM |
| 55–64 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 4.1, 1.82, 6.3, 7.6, 4.6, 1.2, 5.6, 0.79, 2.0, 0.2 μg/mL |
| 65–78 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 0.004, 0.34, 2.65, 1.61, 3.77, 21.06, 0.004, 0.14, 1.47, 0.51, 0.004, 0.005, 2.82, 0.447 μg/mL |
| 79–82 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 5.6, 14.0, 12.6, 11.9 µM, LC50/EC50 > 33.3, > 13, > 14.5, > 11.5, respectively |
| 83 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 0.35 μg/mL |
| 84–89 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 0.59, 5.77, 5.14, 8.23, 10.7, 17.8 μg/mL |
| 90 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 9.02 μg/mL, LC50 = 36 μg/mL |
| 91 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 19 ng/mL |
| 92–95 | exhibited inhibition of biofilm maturation of P. aeruginosa, V. harveyi, and S. aureus |
| 96–98 | showed bacterial biofilm inhibition at lower concentrations |
| 99–100 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 5.65, 14.03 μg/mL |
| 101–102 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 4.86, 4.57 μg/mL; against B. neritina larvae, EC50 = 12.34, 13.48 μg/mL |
| 103–104 | against B. amphitrite larvae, ED50 = 4.32, 2.12 μg/mL, LD50 > 50 μg/mL |
| 105–108 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 2.25, 1.75, 8.13, 7.50 μg/mL |
| 109 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 values ranging 0.02–0.2 μg/mL for 109 and renillafoulins B–C |
| 110 | inhibited the settlement of the tube worm P. californica at 10 μg/mL |
| 111–112 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 4.0, 2.9 μg/mL |
| 113–115 | against B. albicostatus larvae, EC50 = 8.2, 23.5, 31.6 μg/mL |
| 116–117 | inhibited the growth of Pseudoalteromonas and Polaribacter bacterial species |
| 118–120 | against B. neritina with EC50 = 6.25, 7.8 μg/mL, LD50 > 250 μg/mL |
| 121 | against B. neritina larvae, EC50 = 4.8 μg/mL, LC50 > 100 μg/mL |
| 122–125 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 2.5, 7.91, 7.31, 0.81 μg/mL |
| 126 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 16.7 μg/mL; against B. neritina larvae, EC50 = 13.0 μg/mL |
| 127 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 2.5 μg/mL, LC50 > 25.0 μg/mL |
| 128–129 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 5.3, 14.5 μg/mL |
| 130–131 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 2.2 μg/mL |
| 132–133 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = from 10.0 to 50.0 μg/mL |
| 134–135 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 5.0, 4.3 µg/mL |
| 136–139 | against B. amphitrite larvae, ED50 = from 0.10 to 8.0 μg/ mL |
| 140–145 | inhibited B. amphitrite larval settlement at 1 or 10 μM |
| 146 | promoted larval metamorphosis of the ascidian C. savignyi at a concentration of 2.5 µg/mL |
| 147–148 | inhibited the larval metamorphosis of B. amphitrite larvae, ED50 = 19, 15 µg/mL |
| 149 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 8.0 µg/mL |
| 150–151 | against the green mussel P. viridis (EC50 = 31.77, 138.18 μg/mL), the bryozoan B. neritina (EC50 = 3.43, 8.17 μg/mL) and the green alga U. prolifera (EC50 = 8.31, 0.67 μg/mL) |
| 152 | inhibited bacterial attachment towards Pseudomonas with an IC50 = 0.73 μM |
| 153–157 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 2.22, 3.6, 0.28, 2.81, 0.53, μg/mL |
| 158–159 | anti-adhesion activity against one marine bacterial strain |
| 160–161 | against B. improvises cyprids, EC50 = 0.9, 7.9 µM |
| 162–166 | against B. improvises cyprids, EC50 = 0.034, 5.8, 1.5, 2.4, 6.7 μM |
| 167 | against B. improvises cyprids, EC50 =15 nM |
| 168–170 | against zebra mussel attachment with EC50 = 24.2, 11.6, 18.6 μM |
| 171 | against cyprids of B. amphitrite (EC50 = 6.6 μg/mL, LC50 = 18 μg/mL) and seven strains of fouling bacteria |
| 172–180 | against B. amphitrite larvae with ED50 = 0.24–4.5 µg/mL for 174–180; and metamorphosis-inducing activity in the ascidian H. roretzi larvae with ED100 = 0.13–1.3 µg/mL for 172–180. |
| 181–183 | EC50 = 18.65, 21.39, 12.58 μg/mL |
| 184–186 | against B. amphitrite larvae, EC50 = 13.5, 16.3, 12.8 μg/mL |
| 187–191 | significant antibacterial and antifouling activity towards marine bacteria, A. coffeaeformis, B. amphitrite and M. edulis |
| 192–195 | against B. amphitrite larvae, ED50 = 15.81, 6.25, 4.81, 7.78 μg/mL, LD50 > 200 µg/mL |
| 196 | strong inhibition against the settlement of B. amphitrite larvae |
| 197–198 | 197 inhibited the settlement of B. improvises larvae at both 0.6 and 6 μM, whereas 198 only at 6 μM |