Table 5.
Immunomodulating effects of β-glucans—in vitro study.
| β-Glucan | Cell Line | Analysis | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yeast p-β-glucan (Cerevan) | Wistar rat thymocytes | HPGPC, Mitogenic, and co-mitogenic activity assay | Higher stimulation indices of immunomodulatory activity. | [90] |
| PGG-Glucan | Human monocytic cell lines U937, HL-60, THP-1, Murine monocytes J774.1, RAW264.7, P388D(I), Murine B cell line LB27.4, Primary human fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, Bronchial epithelial cells, Murine monocyte line BMC2.3, and T cell line DO11 | Whole blood chemiluminescence assay, Microbicidal assay, Measurement of cytokine secretion from whole blood, 3H-PGG-Glucan binding assay, Flow cytometry, and Electrophoretic mobility shift assay | Induced activation of NF-κB-Like nuclear transcription factor in purified human neutrophils, and enhanced neutrophil anti-microbial function. | [131] |
| PS-G | DC from PBMC, and CD14+ | Determination of cytokine levels, RT-PCR, Flow cytometry analysis, Western blot, Allogeneic MLR, EMS, and IKK activity assay | Increased activation and maturation of immature DC, suggesting a potential regulation of immune response. | [132] |
| Yeast p-β-glucan (synthetic glucan) | Porcine alveolar macrophages and bone hematopoietic cell-derived dendritic cells | MTT assay, ELISA, RACE PCR, and Phagocytic activity | Enhanced cell activity and phagocytosis, and complex collaborating interaction between dectin-1 and TLRs. | [133] |
| Barley β-glucan, Oat β-glucan, Fungal β-glucan | Human monocyte leukemia cell line | Size exclusion chromatography, Cytotoxicity assay, NO assay, H2O2 assay, Phagocytic activity, and qRT-PCR | Up-regulated inflammation related gene expression, and No production of NO, and H2O2. | [134] |
| Algal β-glucan | Murine splenic cells from BALB/c mice | NMR, Immunomodulatory activity assay, Immunofluorescence staining assay, and FACSCanto II flow cytometry | Increased activation of CD19+ B lymphocytes. | [135] |
| Polysaccharide glucan fractions | Spleen cells from female C3H/He mice, and Bone marrow cells from C57BL/6 mice | Mitogenic activity assay, and CSF-inducing activity assay | T-4-N and T-5-N fraction showed mitogenic and CSF-inducing activities. | [49] |
| Yeast β-glucan (WGP) | Mouse intestinal tumor cell line Colon26 produced in BALB/c mice | ELISA, and Tumor-protective effect assay | Stimulation of cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. | [136] |
| Bacterial β-glucan | Cancer cell lines, Human monocyte cell line, HPV-18-positive cervical cancer cell line, HPV-16-positive cervical cancer cell lines, such as CASki and C3, Hepatoma cancer cell line HepG2 | RT-PCR, IFN-γ assay, NO, and cell viability assay | Synthesis of NO in the monocyte cell lines, enhanced cytotoxic, and antitumor activity. | [95] |
| Phycarine | Lewis lung carcinoma, and YAC-1 cell lines | Cytotoxicity assay, and Phagocytosis activity assay | Stimulation of both humoral and cellular branch of immune reactions could be used to cure gastrointestinal diseases. | [103] |
HPGPC: High performance gel permeation chromatography; PS-G: Polysaccharide from G. lucidum; DC: Dendritic cell; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; CD: Cluster of differentiation; RT-PCR: Reverse transcription-Polymerase chain reaction; MLR: mixed leukocyte reaction; EMS assay: Electrophoretic mobility shift assay; IKK: Inhibitor of κB kinase; p: Particulate; MTT assay: Mitochondrial metabolic function assay; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; RACE: Rapid amplification of cDNA ends; TLRs: Toll like receptors; NO: Nitric oxide; H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide; qRT: Quantitative real-time; NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance; CSF: colony stimulating factor; IL: InterLeukin; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.