Table 8.

Bone regeneration/bone injury healing effects of β-glucans—in vitro study.

β-Glucan	Cell line	Analysis	Results	Reference
PGG-glucan	Human BMMC, and isolated bone marrow CD34+ cells	BMMC myeloid colony formation assay, Human hematopoietic activity, and ELISA	Increased BMMC myeloid colony formation, and enhanced human hematopoietic activity.	[176]
Polycalcium [Polycan and calcium lactate-gluconate (1:9)]	Human hOBs, and murine osteoclast progenitor (RAW264.7) cells	Cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activities of osteoblasts and osteoclast differentiation	Stimulation of osteoblast proliferation and prevented RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Accelerated bone formation and inhibited bone resorption activity.	[177]
Fungal β-glucan	Normal diploid human fetal dermal fibroblast cell line (FW20-2), and primary human dermal fibroblasts	Cell proliferation assay, RP-HPLC, Fibroblast-populated collagen lattice, and wounding	Reduction in fibroblast proliferation and migration were significantly and dose-dependently inhibited.	[178]
Chitosan/β-1,3-glucan/hydroxyapatite complex (Chit/glu/HA)	Human fetal osteoblast cell line (hFOB 1.19)	Biocompatibility of scaffolds, cytotoxicity, and osteoblast proliferation rate, Porosity using computed microtomography analysis and mechanical properties by compression test	Improved flexibility and porosity, significant higher water uptake capability, favorable osteoblast survival, proliferation, and spreading, but poor mechanical properties.	[179]

BMMC: Bone marrow mononuclear cells; CD: Cluster of differentiation; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; hOBs: Human primary osteoblasts; RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor ligand; RP-HPLC: Reverse phase-High performance liquid chromatography.