Table 12.
Anti-diabetic/anti-obesity effects of β-glucans—human study.
| β-Glucan | Organism | Analysis | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oat β-glucan | 49–57 years old NIDDM men and women, with a BMI range of 22.6–38.9 kg/m2 | Plasma glucose and glycemic response | Increased plasma glucose, postprandial insulin, and 50% decrease in glycemic response. | [190] |
| Barley β-glucan | 26–30 years old, healthy men with mildly higher fasting total cholesterol concentration, with a BMI range of 22–25 or 27–29 kg/m2 | Insulin, glucose, cholecystokinin, and lipid response | Increased plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, stimulation of reverse cholesterol transport contributing to the cholesterol lowering ability. | [191] |
| Barley β-glucan | 20–27 years old, healthy, non-diabetic men and women | Sensory properties, proximate composition, and glycemic indices | Dose-dependent decrease in glycemic content, and decreased postprandial glycemic index. | [192] |
| Oat β-glucan | 59–63 years old, type 2 diabetic men and women, with a BMI range of 27–31 kg/m2 | Changes in blood glucose, total-, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels | Reduced blood glucose levels, glycemic indices, and postprandial glycemia. | [193] |
| Oat β-glucan | 61–73 years old, type 2 diabetic men and women, with a BMI range of 25.4–32.4 kg/m2 | Glucose tolerance test, and Finger-prick capillary blood analysis | Decreased glycemic, and postprandial glycemic response. | [194] |
| Oat β-glucan, Barley β-glucan | 18–70 years old, healthy men and women with mildly elevated serum cholesterol concentration and a BMI range of 20–30 kg/m2 | Changes in plasma glucose, serum total-, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, apolipoproteins A1, and postprandial changes in serum | Oat β-glucan showed reduced total-cholesterol, postprandial glucose, and insulin concentrations as well as improved lipid and glucose metabolism. | [195] |
| Oat β-glucan | Healthy volunteer men and women | Changes in insulin and glycemic response index, and Glucose tolerance test | Reduced insulin and glycemic index. | [196] |
| Oat β-glucan | Healthy volunteer men and women | Blood insulin and glucose response | Significant reduction in insulin and glucose responses in healthy people. | [197] |
| Barley β-glucan | 26–50 years old, healthy men and women, with a BMI range of <30 kg/m2 | Changes in blood glucose contents, and GR, and GI response | Significantly reduced postprandial blood glucose, and glycemic index. | [198] |
| Oat β-glucan | 30–75 years old, diabetic men and women, with a BMI range of 20–35 kg/m2 | Changes in lipid profile, apo B, TAG, HbA1c, and fasting glucose concentrations | A single daily ingestion of 3.5 g oat β-glucan showed no significant changes in lipid profile and HbA1c in type 2 diabetic subjects whereas, TAG significantly decreased. | [199] |
NIDDM: Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; GR: Glycemic response; GI: Glycemic index; TAG: Triacylglycerol; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin.