Table 1.

Phenotypes found in different zebrafish models for hyperglycemia.

Phenotype	Age	Induction of Hyperglycemia	Reference
Kidney (pronephros): enlargement of glomeruli, impairment of renal filtration barrier	embryo	Pdx1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 transcription factor) knockdown	[17]
Kidney: thickening of glomerular basement membrane	adult	Intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection	[7]
Retina: enlarged and defect retinal vessels, elevated concentrations of VEGF (Vascular epithelial growth factor) and NO (Nitrogen oxide)	larvae	Incubation in a 130 mmol/L glucose medium for 3 days	[18]
Retina: retinal thinning	adult	Incubation in alternating high-glucose media, up to 10%	[19]
Retina: thickened, frail blood vessels with aneurism-like structures; bone metabolism: lower rate of bone mineralization, higher rate of bone resorption, activation of osteoclasts	adult	Incubation for 28 days in a 4% glucose medium	[20]
Neuronal tissue: impaired regeneration and de-novo formation of neuronal cells	adult	Chronic hyperglycemia: Incubation in a 111 mmol/L glucose medium for 14 days Acute hyperglycemia: Intraperitoneal injection of d-glucose (2.5 g/kg of body weight)	[21]
Vasculature: malformation and uncoordinated growth of small intersegmental blood vessels, increased methylglyoxal levels	embryo/larvae	Pdx1 knockdown, Incubation in glucose medium, up to 55 mmol/L	[10]