Table 2.
Neuropsychological impairment in MSA.
| Study | Significantly Impaired Performance | Neuropsychological Tests Performed |
|---|---|---|
| Pillon et al., 1995 | Executive function | MMSE; Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS); Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS); Raven progressive matrices; Wechsler memory scale (WMS); simplified version of the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST); semantic fluency test (names of animals in one minute), phonemic fluency test (words beginning with M in one minute); California verbal learning test; Grober and Buschke’s test. |
| Meco et al., 1996 | Attention Tasks | Trail making test; Stroop word color test; verbal fluency test; Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT); Conceptual thinking WCST; Raven progressive matrices. |
| Soliveri et al., 2000 | Verbal fluency test | MMSE; Raven progressive matrices; short tale test for long- term verbal memory; phonemic verbal fluency test; visual search test; visuospatial orientation line test of Benton; Nelson modification of the WCST. |
| Dujardin et al., 2003 | Executive Function | Phonemic and semantic fluency task; Spatial sequences generation task; Nelson modification of the WCST; Stroop word color test. |
| Lange et al., 2003 | Verbal fluency, problem solving and verbal and figural working memory | Simple phonemic verbal fluency task (words beginning with S in one minute); simple semantic verbal fluency task (names of animals in one minute); alternate phonemic fluency task (H/T-Word-Test); alternating phonemic fluency task (Sport/Fruit-Test); Digit Span Forward task; Digit Span Backward task; Visual Working Memory Test; Verbal Recency Task; Tower of London task. |
| Paviour et al., 2005 | Executive Function | MMSE; DRS; Frontal assessment battery (FAB). |
| Bak et al., 2005 | Global cognition | MMSE, DRS, Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination (ACE). |
| Bürk et al., 2006 | MSA-C: verbal memory and verbal fluency | MMSE, Similarities and Picture Completion subtests of a short version of the German version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WIP), Digit Span Forward task; Digit Span Backward task, WMS, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, WCST, semantic fluency test (names of countries in one minute), phonemic fluency test(words beginning with B in one minute). |
| Kawai et al., 2008 | MSA-P: visuospatial and constructional function, verbal fluency, and executive function. MSA-C: visuospatial and constructional function (milder) | MMSE, Digit Span, Revised Wechsler Memory Scale, semantic fluency (animals in one minute), phonemic fluency (Japanese nouns starting with the Japanese Kana character "Ka" in one minute), WCST, Rule Shift Cards test of the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome, revised WAIS. |
| Sachin et al., 2008 | ||
| Kao et al., 2009 | Executive Function, visuospatial skills | MMSE, modified Trails B, Stroop word color test, trial 1 of the Design Fluency subtest of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functions Scale, Digit Span Backward task, M’s and N’s task, California Verbal Learning Test-SF, Boston Naming Test, semantic fluency (animals in one minute) and phonemic fluency (D-words in one minute). |
| Balas et al., 2010 | Attention task; verbal fluency test; learning new verbal information | RAVLT; digit span; WAIS-III; Stroop word color test. |
| Uluduz et al., 2010 | Ideomotor apraxia, ideational apraxia | MMSE, Mayo Clinic praxis test battery. |
| Brown et al., 2010 | Global cognition, executive function | MMSE, DRS, FAB. |