Table 3.
Changes in endothelial function, biomarkers, and biochemical parameters at the 16-week follow-up visit
| Parameter | Placebo (n=59) | Cholecalciferol (n=58) | Between-Group Difference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Change (95% CI) | P Value | Mean Change (95% CI) | P Value | Difference of Mean change (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Brachial artery diameter, mm | 0.10 (−0.01 to 0.21) | 0.07 | −0.08 (−0.20 to 0.04) | 0.22 | −0.18 (−0.52 to 0.07) | 0.13 |
| FMD, % | −0.07 (−0.71 to 0.57) | 0.83 | 5.42 (4.44 to 6.39) | <0.001 | 5.49 (4.34 to 6.64) | <0.001 |
| NMD, % | −0.74 (−1.86 to 0.38) | 0.19 | 2.11 (0.87 to 3.36) | 0.001 | 2.85 (1.41 to 4.84) | <0.001 |
| FMD/NMD ratio | 0.02(−0.08 to 0.16) | 0.54 | 0.27 (0.10 to 0.44) | 0.003 | 0.25 (0.05 to 0.46) | <0.02 |
| PWV, m/sec | 0.30 (−0.04 to 0.63) | 0.09 | −0.94 (−1.30 to −0.59) | <0.001 | −1.24 (−2.16 to −0.74) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 1.56 (−2.80 to 5.92) | 0.48 | 0.44 (−4.00 to 4.89) | 0.84 | −1.11 (−7.27 to 5.05) | 0.72 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 1.35 (−2.11 to 4.82) | 0.44 | 0.50 (−2.48 to 3.48) | 0.74 | −0.85 (−5.38 to 3.68) | 0.71 |
| 25(OH)D, ng/ml | 1.51 (−0.46 to 3.48) | 0.13 | 24.91 (21.77 to 28.06) | <0.001 | 23.40 (19.76 to 27.06) | <0.001 |
| 1,25(OH)2D, pg/ml | 0.48 (−4.65 to 5.62) | 0.85 | 15.46 (5.42 to 25.50) | 0.003 | 14.98 (4.48 to 27.18) | <0.01 |
| iPTH, pg/mla | 47.36 (6.63 to 88.10) | 0.05 | −53.37 (−82.37 to −24.36) | <0.001 | −100.73 (−150.50 to −50.95) | <0.001 |
| E-selectin, ng/ml | −2.43 (−6.78 to 1.92) | 0.27 | −4.71 (−8.89 to −5.25) | <0.03 | −2.28 (−8.26 to 3.70) | 0.45 |
| IL-6, pg/mla | 0.28 (−1.16 to 1.73) | 0.17 | −2.00(−2.96 to −0.83) | 0.002 | −2.28 (−3.96 to −0.38) | 0.001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/La | −0.41 (−1.07 to 2.45) | 0.26 | −0.25 (−0.99 to 0.43) | 0.30 | 0.16 (−0.82 to 1.14) | 0.94 |
| iFGF-23, pg/mla | −7.33 (−24.10 to 9.45) | 0.27 | −14.71 (−28.45 to −0.97) | 0.33 | −7.38 (−28.92 to 14.15) | 0.96 |
| vWF, mU/mla | 74 (−136 to 284) | 0.23 | −140 (−311 to 30) | 0.16 | −214 (−483 to 54) | 0.09 |
| eGFR, min/ml per 1.73 m2 | 1.57 (−0.93 to 4.01) | 0.21 | 1.42 (−0.55 to 3.40) | 0.15 | −0.15 (−3.31 to 3.01) | 0.92 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | −0.22 (−0.53 to 0.10) | 0.18 | −0.01 (−0.30 to 0.28) | 0.94 | 0.21 (−0.22 to 0.63) | 0.34 |
| Uric acid, mg/dl | −0.51 (−0.67 to 0.08) | 0.09 | −0.60 (−1.12 to −0.03) | <0.04 | −0.09 (−0.89 to 0.72) | 0.83 |
| Calcium, mg/dl | −0.48 (−0.76 to −0.19) | 0.001 | 0.21 (−0.05 to 0.46) | 0.11 | 0.69 (0.31 to 1.06) | 0.001 |
| Inorganic phosphorus, mg/dl | −0.30 (−0.67 to 0.08) | 0.12 | 0.19 (−0.19 to 0.59) | 0.31 | 0.49 (−0.37 to 1.03) | 0.07 |
| Serum alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | 9.40 (−2.08 to 20.89) | 0.11 | −10.85 (−20.70 to −1.01) | <0.03 | −20.25 (−35.14 to −5.38) | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | −3.03 (−13.14 to 7.09) | 0.55 | −8.15 (−17.22 to 0.92) | 0.08 | −5.12 (−21.56 to 5.46) | 0.29 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl | 0.56 (−20.77 to 21.89) | 0.96 | −8.38 (−24.41 to 7.65) | 0.30 | −8.94 (−35.13 to 17.23) | 0.50 |
FMD, endothelial-dependent flow-mediated dilation; NMD, endothelial-independent flow-mediated dilation; SBP, systolic BP; DBP, diastolic BP; 25(OH)D, 25 hydroxyvitamin D; 1,25(OH)2D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; iFGF-23, intact fibroblast growth factor 23.
a
Compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test within group and Mann–Whitney U test between groups.