Table 1.

Mitochondria-targeted agents in animal models of AKI and CKD

Kidney Disease Model	Species	Experimental Compound	Major Findings	Refs.
Warm ischemia-reperfusion	Rat	MitoQ	↓Oxidative damage, ↑renal function	43
Warm ischemia-reperfusion	Rat	SkQR1	↓Oxidative damage, ↑renal function	44
Warm ischemia-reperfusion	Rat	SS-31	↓Mitochondrial swelling, protect cristae membranes, ↑mitochondrial function, ↓renal pathology, ↑renal function, ↓inflammation and fibrosis	22–24
Warm ischemia-reperfusion	Rat	MA-5	↑Renal function	61
Sepsis (cecal ligation/puncture)	Mice	SS-31	↑ATP, ↓apoptosis, ↓renal pathology	55
Sepsis (LPS)	Rat	MitoQ	↑Mitochondrial potential, ↑renal function	46
Pyelonephritis	Rat	SkQR1	↓Oxidative damage, ↓inflammation, ↓mortality	45
Cisplatin toxicity	Mice	MA-5	↓Renal pathology, ↑renal function	61
Ureteral obstruction	Rat	SS-31	↓Oxidative damage, ↓apoptosis, ↓inflammation and fibrosis	54
Aging	Mice	SS-31	Protected mitochondria in podocytes, ↓senescent markers, ↓glomerulosclerosis	36
Renal artery stenosis	Pigs	SS-31	Restored cardiolipin content, ↓oxidative damage, ↑vascular density, ↓fibrosis	57
Postischemic CKD	Rat	SS-31	Protected mitochondrial structure in all kidney cells, ↓inflammasome activation, ↓glomerulosclerosis and fibrosis	35
Obesity-related nephropathy (high-fat diet)	Mice	SS-31	Protected mitochondrial structure in all kidney cells, prevent lipid accumulation, ↓mesangial expansion, ↓glomerulosclerosis	38
Diabetic nephropathy (streptozotocin)	Mice	SS-31	↓Mesangial expansion, ↓tubular apoptosis	58
Diabetic nephropathy (Ins2±Akita)	Mice	MitoQ	↓Mesangial expansion, ↓interstitial fibrosis, ↓microalbuminuria	50
Diabetic nephropathy (db/db)	Mice	MitoQ	↓ROS, ↓apoptosis, ↓glomerular hypertrophy, ↓mesangial expansion, ↓basement membrane thickening	51