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. 2017 Sep 28;7:12376. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12340-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The plots showing the decay of the compressive pressure at various times in the Z direction as the shock travels the metal for 3.2 µm grain sized polycrystalline Al system predicted by L64-QCGD simulation for a velocity of 1.5 km/s for the piston and pulse duration of 100 ps. The corresponding time evolution of (b) pressure and (c) void fraction shows the characteristics of incipient spall.