Table 2.

Survey of plant species reported to contain cuticular wax compounds with extra-long hydrocarbon chains (C₃₅₊). Chain length ranges, most abundant chain lengths (C max.), and relative abundances of C₃₅₊ compounds within respective compound classes (+: 0–1%; ++: 1–5%; +++: 5–10%; ++++: >10%) are shown. Comprehensiveness of respective chemical analyses is indicated by information which compound classes were included in the analyses. As additional information, organs from which extra-long compounds were extracted are given, the occurrence of trichomes on respective tissues is assessed where possible, and climatic zones are listed for each species.

Plant Species	Family	Tissue	Analyzed Compound Classes	Compound Class	C max.	Carbon Chain Length Range	Abundance of C36/C35	Abundance of C38/C37	Climatic Zone	Trichomes	Reference
Euphorbia characias	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves	Complete wax profile	Alkanes	31	C19–C37	+	+	Temperate	N/A	[48]
				Aldehydes	31	C24–C36	+	N/A
Euphorbia cyparissias				Alkanes	31	C19–C37	++	+
				Aldehydes	31	C24–C36	+	N/A
Euphorbia lathyris				Alkanes	31		++	+
				Aldehydes	31	C24–C36	+	N/A
Euphorbia niccaensis				Alkanes	31	C19–C37	+	+
Euphorbia peplus				Alkanes	31	C19–C37	+	N/A
Austrocedrus chilensis	Cupressaceae	Leaves	Alkanes only	Alkanes	33	C21–C37	++++	+	Temperate to Subtropical	N/A	[57]
Eschscholzia california	Papaveraceae	Leaves	Complete wax profile	Alkanes	29	C21–C37	+	N/A	Temperate	N/A	[58]
Papaver orientale		Leaves			29	C21–C35	+	N/A
Papaver somniferum		Capsules			29	C21–C37	+	N/A
Miscanthus sinensis	Poaceae	Leaves	Alkanes only	Alkanes	31	C25–C35	+++	N/A	Temperate	Yes [49]	[59]
		Senescent leaves			31		+++	N/A
		Stems			31		++++	N/A		No [49]
		Inflorescence			31		++	N/A		N/A
Pleioblastus chino		Leaves			31		++++	N/A		Yes [50]
Sasa nipponica		Leaves			31		+++	N/A		N/A
		Senescent leaves			31		+++	N/A
Zoysia japonica		Leaves			31		++	N/A		N/A
		Senescent leaves			31		++++	N/A
Austrodanthonia pilosa	Poaceae	Leaf blades	Alkanes, prim. alcohols	Alkanes	31	C25–C35	++	N/A	Temperate	N/A	[60]
Austrodanthonia racemosa					33		+	N/A
Axonopus fissifolius		Shoot			33		++++	N/A	Subtropical
Bothriochloa macra		Leaves			27		++	N/A	Temperate
Bromus catharticus		Shoot			29		++	N/A
Chloris gayana		Leaves			31		++	N/A	Subtropical	N/A
		Shoot			33		++++	N/A
Cynodon dactylon					33		+++	N/A		Yes [51]
Digitaria didactyla					33		++++	N/A		N/A
Elymus scaber		Leaves			31		++	N/A	Temperate	N/A
Festuca arundinacea		Shoot			31		+	N/A		N/A
Imperata cylindrica					31		+++	N/A	Subtropical
Lotus corniculatus "Prostate"		Shoot			29		+	N/A	Temperate	No [52]
Lotus pedunculatus cv. Maku					29		+	N/A		Yes [52]
Microlaena stipoides		Leaves			31		++	N/A		N/A
Paspalum dilatatum		Shoot			33		++++	N/A	Subtropical
Paspalum notatum					35		++++	N/A
Pennisetum clandestinum					35		++++	N/A		N/A
Phalaris aquatica					29		+++	N/A	Temperate	N/A
Setaria anceps					27		++	N/A	Subtropical
Sporobolus indicus cv. Major					33		++++	N/A		N/A
Themeda australis		Leaves			31/33		+++	N/A	Temperate
Trifolium repens	Fabaceae	Shoot			31		+	N/A		Yes [53]
Vulpia myuros	Poaceae				31		+	N/A		N/A
Brassica spp.	Brassicales	Leaves	Alkanes only	Alkanes	N/A	C17–C35	N/A	N/A	Temperate	Yes [54]	[37]
Pisum sativum	Fabaceae									N/A
Rosa canina	Rosaceae	Leaves	Complete wax profile	Sec. alcohols	N/A	C29–C35	+	N/A	Temperate	N/A	[61]
Wollemia nobilis	Araucariaceae	Leaves	Alkanes only	Alkanes	N/A	C33–C35	N/A	N/A	Temperate	N/A	[62]
Bambusa bambusa	Poaceae	Leaves	alkanes only	Alkanes	31/33	C23–C35	+++	N/A	Tropical	N/A	[63]
Bambusa dendrocalamopsis					29		+	N/A
Bambusa dendrocalamus					29		++
Alternanthera dentata	Amaranthaceae	Leaves	Alkanes only	Alkanes	29	C22–C35	++	N/A	Subtropical	N/A	[65]
Alternanthera versicolor					31	C18–C35	+	N/A
Araucaria cunninghamii	Araucariaceae				31	C22–C35	++	N/A
Bothriochloa ischaemum	Poaceae				31	C14–C35	++	N/A		N/A
Caryota mitis	Arecaceae				31	C20–C35	+	N/A		N/A
Cinnamomum burmannii	Lauraceae				31	C22–C35	+	N/A
Codiaeum variegatum	Euphorbiaceae				33	C22–C35	++	N/A
Euphorbia trigona					33	C24–C37	++	N/A
Holmskioldia sanguinea	Lamiaceae				35	C22–C37	++++	N/A
Hylocereus undatus	Cactaceae				33	C18–C37	+++	N/A
Imperata cylindrica	Poaceae				31	C14–C35	+++	N/A
Kigelia africana	Bignoniaceae				31	C24–C35	+++	N/A
Opuntia dillenii	Cactaceae				29	C23–C36	++++	N/A		N/A
Osmanthus fragrans	Oleaceae				31	C24–C35	++	N/A		N/A
Pistia stratiotes	Araceae				31	C24–C37	+	N/A		Yes [55]
Swietenia mahagoni	Meliaceae				31	C24–C35	+	N/A		N/A
Zoysia japonica	Poaceae				33	C14–C35	+++	N/A		N/A
Aspidosperma spp.	Apocynaceae	Leaves	Alkanes, alkanols	Alkanes	33	C29–C35	+++	N/A	Tropical	N/A	[66]
Cryptomeria japonica	Cypressaceae		fatty acids		33	C33–C35	++++	N/A	Temperate
Juniperus osteosperma					33	C29–C35	+++	N/A	Temperate
Manilkara spp.	Sapotaceae				33	C31–C35	+++	N/A	Tropical
Arabidopsis thaliana	Brassicaceae	Leaves 1	Complete wax profile	Alkanes	29	C25–C35	+	N/A	Temperate	Yes	[21]
Miscanthus sinensis	Poaceae	Leaves	Alkanes, fatty acids	Alkanes	31	C25–C37	+	+	Temperate	Yes [52]	[67]
Lupinus angustifolius	Fabaceae	Leaves	Complete wax profile	Alkanes	N/A	C23–C37	N/A	N/A	Temperate	N/A	[68]
Triticum aestivum	Poaceae				31					N/A
Olea europaea	Oleaceae	Leaves 1	Alkanes only	Alkanes	29	C27–C35	+	N/A	Mediterranian	N/A	[69]
		Olive oil			25	C21–C35	+	N/A		N/A
Arabidopsis thaliana	Brassicaceae	Young/mature	Complete wax profile	Alkanes	31	C27–C37	+	+	Temperate	N/A	[2,7]
		leaves		Alkenes	35	C35–C37	+	+
Arabidopsis thaliana	Brassicaceae	Leaves 1	Complete wax profile	Alkanes	31	C27–C37	+	+	Temperate	N/A	[6]
				Alkenes	35	C35–C37	+	+
		Leaf trichomes 1		Alkanes	31/33	C27–C37	+	+
				Alkenes	35	C33–C37	+	+
Ludwigia octovalvis	Onagraceae	Young leaves	Alkanes, fatty acids	Alkanes	23	C15–C35	+	N/A	Tropical	Yes [56]	[70]
		Mature leaves			23		+	N/A

N/A: no information available; ¹ other organs were included in the analyses, but were found to lack C₃₅₊ compounds.