Table 2.
Percent of Patients with Bleeding or Thrombotic Events by Age and Primary Indication for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
| Respiratory |
Cardiac |
ECPR |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal (n = 151) | Pediatric (n = 86) | Neonatal (n = 92) | Pediatric (n = 115) | Neonatal (n = 24) | Pediatric (n = 46) | Overall (n = 514) | |
| Bleeding events, n (%) | 91 (60.3) | 63 (73.3) | 71 (77.2) | 91 (79.1) | 17 (70.8) | 28 (60.9) | 361 (70.2) |
| Surgical site bleeding, n (%) | 37 (24.5) | 24 (27.9) | 46 (50.0) | 51 (44.3) | 12 (50.0) | 15 (32.6) | 185 (36.0) |
| Chest tube bleeding, n (%) | 21 (13.9) | 24 (27.9) | 51 (55.4) | 60 (52.2) | 9 (37.5) | 16 (34.8) | 181 (35.2) |
| ml/kg, median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–5.7) | 0.0 (0.0–4.4) | 26.9 (9.3–53.5) | 17.0 (0.0–46.5) | 18.7 (7.2–55.2) | 1.6 (0.0–28.2) | 3.9 (0.0–25.9) |
| Cannula site bleeding, n (%) | 39 (25.8) | 39 (45.3) | 31 (33.7) | 40 (34.8) | 9 (37.5) | 18 (39.1) | 176 (34.2) |
| Pulmonary hemorrhage, n (%) | 17 (11.3) | 17 (19.8) | 5 (5.4) | 13 (11.3) | 2 (8.3) | 3 (6.5) | 57 (11.1) |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding, n (%) | 9 (6.0) | 14 (16.3) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (1.7) | 1 (4.2) | 5 (10.9) | 32 (6.2) |
| Genitourinary bleeding, n (%) | 9 (6.0) | 14 (16.3) | 2 (2.2) | 4 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.3) | 31 (6.0) |
| Intracranial bleeding, n (%) | 34 (22.5) | 14 (16.3) | 17 (18.5) | 8 (7.0) | 4 (16.7) | 5 (10.9) | 82 (16.0) |
| Laboratory sample bleeding, n (%) | 113 (74.8) | 47 (54.7) | 48 (52.2) | 53 (46.1) | 10 (41.7) | 20 (43.5) | 291 (56.6) |
| ml/kg, median (IQR) | 7.6 (5.2–10.3) | 1.1 (0.4–2.7) | 5.4 (3.3–7.8) | 2.0 (0.8–4.4) | 5.9 (4.2–8.2) | 2.4 (0.6–5.3) | 4.4 (1.5–7.7) |
| Only laboratory sample bleeding, n (%) | 100 (66.2) | 34 (39.5) | 33 (35.9) | 31 (27.0) | 5 (20.8) | 14 (30.4) | 217 (42.2) |
| Thrombotic events, n (%) | 66 (43.7) | 33 (38.4) | 29 (31.5) | 43 (37.4) | 6 (25.0) | 16 (34.8) | 193 (37.5) |
| Patient-related thromboses, n (%) | 11 (7.3) | 11 (12.8) | 12 (13.0) | 23 (20.0) | 1 (4.2) | 8 (17.4) | 66 (12.8) |
| Intracranial infarction, n (%) | 5 (3.3) | 4 (4.7) | 3 (3.3) | 6 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (8.7) | 22 (4.3) |
| Limb ischemia, n (%) | 1 (0.7) | 4 (4.7) | 5 (5.4) | 4 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (6.5) | 17 (3.3) |
| Intracardiac clot, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (1.9) |
| Aortopulmonary shunt clot, n (%) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.4) |
| Pulmonary embolus, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) |
| Other, n (%) | 4 (2.6) | 6 (7.0) | 3 (3.3) | 6 (5.2) | 1 (4.2) | 1 (2.2) | 21 (4.1) |
| Circuit-related thromboses (requiring change-out), n (%) | 61 (40.4) | 29 (33.7) | 23 (25.0) | 30 (26.1) | 6 (25.0) | 11 (23.9) | 160 (31.1) |
| Entire circuit, n (%) | 42 (27.8) | 13 (15.1) | 7 (7.6) | 10 (8.7) | 1 (4.2) | 6 (13.0) | 79 (15.4) |
| Oxygenator, n (%) | 8 (5.3) | 5 (5.8) | 9 (9.8) | 12 (10.4) | 3 (12.5) | 3 (6.5) | 40 (7.8) |
| Bladder, n (%) | 13 (8.6) | 4 (4.7) | 3 (3.3) | 4 (3.5) | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 26 (5.1) |
| CVVH, n (%) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.2 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) | 3 (0.6) |
| Tubing, n (%) | 6 (4.0) | 6 (7.0) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (3.1) |
| Arterial cannula, n (%) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.2) |
| Bridge, n (%) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.6) |
| Hemofilter, n (%) | 12 (7.9) | 3 (3.5) | 3 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (4.3) | 21 (4.1) |
| Pump head, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) | 5 (1.0) |
| Venous cannula, n (%) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.0) |
| Other, n (%) | 20 (13.2) | 11 (12.8) | 8 (8.7) | 13 (11.3) | 2 (8.3) | 4 (8.7) | 58 (11.3) |
| Hemolysis, n (%) | 60 (39.7) | 23 (26.7) | 38 (41.3) | 26 (22.6) | 7 (29.2) | 15 (32.6) | 169 (32.9) |
Definition of abbreviations: CVVH = continuous venovenous hemofiltration; ECPR = extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; IQR = interquartile range.
Volume of sanguineous chest tube drainage has three (1%) missing values. Volume of laboratory sample bleeding has 140 (27%) missing values.