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. 2017 Sep 20;8(3):101. doi: 10.3390/insects8030101

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of flower strips on natural enemies and aphid pests in apple trees (number of individuals/colonies per fifty branches). We detected no effect of treatment (control, concealed-nectar, mixed, and open-nectar) on aphidophagous natural enemies (hoverflies, lacewings, earwigs and ladybirds; (a,b)) or pest aphid densities in either year (e,f); but significant effects of treatment on other natural enemy abundance (non-syrphid flies, parasitoid wasps, bugs and non-coccinellid beetles; (c,d)). Error bars show standard errors and asterisks show level of significance (NS = p > 0.05, * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001) reported in LRTs (see Table 2 and main text for details).