Table 2.
Demographic Characteristics, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Cardiac Phenotypes Across Increasing Categories of Cardiac Troponin T Level
| Variable | cTnT Category, ng/mLa
|
P for Trend |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.003 (n = 2589) |
0.003–0.00440 (n = 278) |
0.00441–0.00657 (n = 279) |
0.0066-<0.0014 (n = 278) |
≥0.0014 (n = 122) |
||
| cTnT ≥0.01 ng/mL with standard assay, No./total (%) | 0/2589 | 0/278 | 0/279 | 1/277 (0.4) | 40/120 (33.3) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 41 (35–49) | 47 (39–55) | 49 (41–55) | 52 (45–58) | 53 (44–58) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Men, No./total (%) | 895/2589 (34.6) | 175/278 (62.9) | 196/279 (70.3) | 214/278 (77.0) | 85/122 (69.7) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Race/ethnicity, No./total (%) | ||||||
| Black | 1229/2589 (47.5) | 150/278 (54.0) | 173/279 (62.0) | 182/278 (65.5) | 94/122 (77.0) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| White | 794/2589 (30.7) | 88/278 (31.7) | 78/279 (28.0) | 61/278 (21.9) | 21/122 (17.2) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Hispanic | 500/2589 (19.3) | 37/278 (13.3) | 27/279 (9.7) | 30/278 (10.8) | 7/122 (5.7) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Other | 66/2589 (2.5) | 3/278 (1.1) | 1/279 (0.4) | 5/278 (1.8) | 0/278 | .008 |
|
| ||||||
| Hypertension, No./total (%) | 694/2554 (27.2) | 116/277 (41.9) | 125/271 (46.1) | 170/274 (62.0) | 83/117 (70.9) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Blood pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg | ||||||
| Systolic | 119.7 | 127.0 | 126.0 | 134.3 | 136.7 | <.001 |
| (110.0–130.7) | (117.3–137.7) | (117.0–140.7) | (121.7–153.0) | (121.3–161.0) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Diastolic | 76.3 (70.7–83.0) | 79.3 (73.0–85.0) | 79.0 (72.7–86.0) | 83.0 (75.3–89.0) | 81.7 (74.0–89.3) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Diabetes, No./total (%) | 200/2588 (7.7) | 38/278 (13.7) | 43/279 (15.4) | 79/278 (28.4) | 50/122 (41.0) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Fasting glucose, median (IQR), mg/dL | 92 (84–100) | 94 (85–103) | 94 (87–106) | 99 (87–122) | 99.5 (86–152) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Metabolic syndrome, No./total (%)b | 787/2589 (30.4) | 96/278 (34.5) | 107/279 (38.4) | 136/278 (48.9) | 63/122 (51.6) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Hypercholesterolemia, No./total (%) | 282/2587 (10.9) | 52/278 (18.7) | 38/279 (13.6) | 57/278 (20.5) | 29/122 (23.8) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Lipids, median (IQR), mg/dL | ||||||
| Total cholesterol | 176 (153–202) | 180.5 (156–207) | 179 (157–202) | 176.5 (154–205) | 175.5 (148–195) | .50 |
|
| ||||||
| LDL-C | 103 (82–125) | 107.5 (84–129) | 108 (84–130) | 104.5 (82–129) | 96.5 (74–120) | .66 |
|
| ||||||
| HDL-C | 48 (40–58) | 45 (38–55) | 46 (38–54) | 45 (38–52) | 44.5 (36–57) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Triglycerides | 92 (66–142) | 107 (72–158) | 102 (72–153) | 106.5 (74–170) | 106 (74–170) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Current smoking, No./total (%) | 787/2586 (30.4) | 62/277 (22.4) | 56/279 (20.1) | 92/277 (33.2) | 37/122 (30.3) | .31 |
|
| ||||||
| Cocaine use, No./total (%) | 355/2589 (13.7) | 28/278 (10.1) | 37/279 (13.3) | 40/278 (14.4) | 13/122 (10.7) | .55 |
|
| ||||||
| Prior heart failure, No./total (%) | 56/2589 (2.2) | 12/278 (4.3) | 16/279 (5.7) | 22/278 (7.9) | 23/122 (18.9) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Prior CHD, No./total (%) | 52/2589 (2.0) | 11/278 (4.0) | 15/279 (5.4) | 21/278 (7.6) | 19/122 (15.6) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Prior CVD, No./total (%) | 125/2589 (4.8) | 25/278 (9.0) | 30/279 (10.8) | 49/278 (17.6) | 40/122 (32.8) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Framingham risk score–estimated 10-y risk for CHD, No./total (%)b | ||||||
| <10% | 2140/2537 (84.4) | 196/275 (71.3) | 183/269 (68.0) | 118/273 (43.2) | 43/117 (36.8) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| 10%−20% | 121/2537 (4.8) | 23/275 (8.4) | 25/269 (9.3) | 40/273 (14.7) | 8/117 (6.8) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| >20% | 276/2537 (10.9) | 56/275 (20.4) | 61/269 (22.7) | 115/273 (42.1) | 66/117 (56.4) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Body composition, median (IQR) | ||||||
| BMIc | 29.2 (25.1–34.4) | 29.4 (26.0–33.9) | 29.7 (26.5–35.0) | 30.6 (27.0–35.0) | 30.1 (25.4–37.7) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Lean mass, kg | 52.4 (44.4–61.7) | 58.8 (50.4–67.6) | 62.9 (55.3–70.0) | 63.3 (54.6–70.6) | 60.8 (53.1–71.5) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Fat mass, kg | 26.0 (19.0–35.0) | 25.6 (18.1–32.9) | 24.7 (18.8–32.7) | 25.8 (18.0–32.5) | 24.2 (16.7–33.5) | .01 |
|
| ||||||
| Estimated GFR, median (IQR), mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 99.5 | 93.0 | 93.4 | 87.3 | 88.0 | <.001 |
| (87.1–114.4) | (82.44–110.1) | (80.8–109.2) | (77.5–104.9) | (62.7–107.9) | ||
|
| ||||||
| CKD stage, No./total (%) | ||||||
| 1 | 1804/2588 (69.7) | 158/278 (56.8) | 161/279 (57.7) | 124/278 (44.6) | 58/122 (47.5) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| 2 | 767/2588 (29.6) | 113/278 (40.6) | 110/279 (39.4) | 135/278 (48.6) | 33/122 (27.0) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| 3 | 15/2588 (0.6) | 6/278 (2.2) | 6/279 (2.2) | 18/278 (6.5) | 16/122 (13.1) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| 4 | 0/2588 | 1/278 (0.4) | 0/279 | 0/278 | 1/122 (0.8) | .02 |
|
| ||||||
| 5 | 2/2588 (0.1) | 0/278 | 2/279 (0.7) | 1/278 (0.4) | 14/122 (11.5) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Left ventricular mass, median (IQR), g | 149.1 | 171.5 | 183.7 | 191.7 | 219.6 | <.001 |
| (125.1–177.5) | (146.1–198.5) | (156.3–212.3) | (159.0–227.3) | (176.9–266.4) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Left ventricular mass/BSA, median (IQR), g/m2 | 77.4 (68.3–88.5) | 86.3 (74.6–96.9) | 89.2 (77.3–103.2) | 92.1 (80.1–106.8) | 103.8 (88.6–131.1) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| LVH, No./total (%) | 154/2043 (7.5) | 22/213 (10.3) | 40/232 (17.2) | 60/232 (25.9) | 38/79 (48.1) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| LVEDV, median (IQR), mL | 96.8 (83.7–112.1) | 102.1 (85.7–118.7) | 108.5 (94.5–122.8) | 104.4 (86.8–130.1) | 112.6 (92.4–143.7) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| LVEDV/BSA, median (IQR), mL/m2 | 50.7 (44.8–57.5) | 50.8 (44.1–58) | 52.6 (46.3–61.4) | 51.8 (43.9–60.7) | 54.5 (47.6–67.2) | .001 |
|
| ||||||
| LV wall thickness, median (IQR), mm | 11.1 (10.1–12.3) | 12.2 (11.1–13.4) | 12.2 (11.2–13.4) | 12.8 (11.7–14.5) | 13.4 (12.0–15.3) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| LVEF, median (IQR), % | 73.3 (68.6–77.6) | 72.8 (67.7–77.2) | 71.8 (67.0–76.1) | 70.1 (64.5–76.5) | 72.6 (60.8–77.6) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| LVEF <40%, No./total (%) | 1/2044 (0.05) | 0/213 | 3/232 (1.3) | 6/232 (2.6) | 4/79 (5.1) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Coronary artery calcium score, Agatston units, No./total (%) | ||||||
| ≤10 | 1712/2034 (84.2) | 152/213 (71.4) | 154/227 (67.8) | 122/223 (54.7) | 40/73 (54.8) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| >10–100 | 212/2034 (10.4) | 29/213 (13.6) | 32/227 (14.1) | 46/223 (20.6) | 5/73 (6.8) | .001 |
|
| ||||||
| >100–400 | 77/2034 (3.8) | 24/213 (11.3) | 27/227 (11.9) | 30/223 (13.5) | 16/73 (21.9) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| >400 | 33/2034 (1.6) | 8/213 (3.8) | 14/227 (6.2) | 25/223 (11.2) | 12/73 (16.4) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Aortic wall thickness, median (IQR), mm | 1.62 (1.46–1.79) | 1.71 (1.54–1.97) | 1.77 (1.61–1.92) | 1.84 (1.65–2.15) | 1.85 (1.60–2.07) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Aortic compliance, median (IQR), mL/mm Hg | 25.1 (17.6–33.6) | 21.8 (14.6–28.4) | 19.9 (14.1–28.2) | 17.6 (12.3–24.2) | 15.6 (9.8–22.3) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| High-sensitivity CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | 2.8 (1.1–7.1) | 2.8 (1.2–6.2) | 2.3 (1.0–6.0) | 3.4 (1.3–7.1) | 3.8 (1.7–9.1) | .48 |
|
| ||||||
| NT-proBNP, median (IQR), ng/L | 28.2 (13.2–55) | 27.4 (10.6–61.2) | 24.3 (12.8–56.5) | 39.2 (15.7–104.4) | 104.9 (42.9–557.4) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| BNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | 2.8 (0–12.1) | 3.1 (0–15) | 3.1 (0–14.7) | 3.9 (0–17.7) | 17.5 (2.9–75.3) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain-type natriuretic peptide; BSA, body surface area; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR, interquartile range; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide.
SI conversion factors: To convert total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C values to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; to convert triglyceride values to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113; to convert glucose values to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555.
a
Denominator values reflect the number of participants with data available for the specific variable. Variation in the denominator reflects absent data for that variable.
b
Defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (see eSupplement for detailed definition).
c
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.