Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of HIV-Infected Participants in the VACS by MDD Statusa
| Characteristic | No. (%) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No MDD (n = 21 291) |
MDD (n = 4853) |
||
| Demographic Factors | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 48.2 (9.7) | 47.3 (7.9) | <.001 |
| Male | 20 805 (97.7) | 4627 (95.3) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 7916 (37.2) | 2079 (42.8) | <.001 |
| African American | 10 245 (48.1) | 2210 (45.5) | |
| Hispanic | 1471 (6.9) | 395 (8.1) | |
| Other | 1657 (7.8) | 169 (3.5) | |
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | |||
| Hypertensionb | |||
| None | 14 246 (67.7) | 3319 (68.9) | .004 |
| Controlled | 1431 (6.8) | 365 (7.6) | |
| Uncontrolled | 5379 (25.5) | 1131 (23.5) | |
| Diabetes | 2794 (13.1) | 773 (15.9) | <.001 |
| Lipidsb | |||
| LDL cholesterol level, mg/dL | |||
| <100 | 7118 (46.1) | 1701 (46.4) | .96 |
| 100–129 | 4579 (29.7) | 1095 (29.9) | |
| 130–159 | 2459 (15.9) | 575 (15.7) | |
| ≥160 | 1270 (8.2) | 298 (8.1) | |
| HDL cholesterol level, mg/dL | |||
| ≥60 | 1789 (11.2) | 393 (10.1) | .04 |
| 40–59 | 6100 (38.0) | 1437 (37.0) | |
| <40 | 8149 (50.8) | 2056 (52.9) | |
| Triglycerides level ≥150 mg/dL | 8250 (46.8) | 2090 (49.5) | .002 |
| Statin use | 1361 (6.4) | 325 (6.7) | .44 |
| HIV-Specific Factors | |||
| CD4 cell count, mm3b | |||
| ≥500 | 5393 (31.5) | 1329 (34.9) | <.001 |
| 200–499 | 6857 (40.0) | 1551 (40.7) | |
| <200 | 4884 (28.5) | 929 (24.4) | |
| HIV-1 RNA levelsb | |||
| ≥500 copies/mL | 9819 (55.2) | 2229 (56.4) | .16 |
| ART regimen | |||
| NRTI plus PI | 4324 (20.3) | 1071 (22.1) | .02 |
| NRTI plus NNRTI | 4708 (22.1) | 1035 (21.3) | |
| Other regimen | 1405 (6.6) | 345 (7.1) | |
| No ART | 10 852 (51.0) | 2402 (49.5) | |
| Other Covariates | |||
| Hepatitis C infection | 6917 (32.5) | 2093 (43.1) | <.001 |
| Renal diseaseb | |||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | |||
| ≥60 | 18 564 (93.7) | 4397 (94.6) | .047 |
| 30–59 | 1011 (5.1) | 200 (4.3) | |
| <30 | 242 (1.2) | 49 (1.1) | |
| Abuse or dependence | |||
| Alcohol | 2269 (10.7) | 1356 (27.9) | <.001 |
| Cocaine | 1786 (8.4) | 1122 (23.1) | <.001 |
| Hemoglobin levels, g/dLb | |||
| ≥14 | 10 734 (55.4) | 2614 (57.6) | <.001 |
| 12–13.9 | 6150 (31.7) | 1436 (31.6) | |
| 10–11.9 | 1815 (9.4) | 379 (8.4) | |
| <10 | 679 (3.5) | 112 (2.5) | |
| Candidate Behavioral Mediators | |||
| Smoking status, %b | |||
| Current | 11 442 (57.8) | 3227 (69.9) | <.001 |
| Past | 2727 (13.8) | 502 (10.9) | |
| Never | 5640 (28.5) | 888 (19.2) | |
| BMI ≥30b | 2867 (13.7) | 782 (16.3) | <.001 |
| Antidepressant Medication | |||
| SSRI use | 4813 (22.6) | 3565 (73.5) | <.001 |
| TCA use | 3099 (22.1) | 1423 (29.3) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MDD, major depressive disorder; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant; VACS, Veterans Aging Cohort Study.
SI conversion factors: To convert HDL and LDL cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; hemoglobin to grams per liter, multiply by 10; and triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113.
N = 26 144.
All variables had complete data except the following (numbers presented separately for no MDD and MDD categories, respectively): hemoglobin levels: 19 378 and 4541; BMI: 20 906 and 4794; CD4 cell count: 17 134 and 3809; HDL cholesterol: 16 038 and 3886; HIV-1 RNA: 17 792 and 3951; hypertension: 21 056 and 4815; LDL cholesterol: 15 426 and 3669; renal disease: 19 817 and 4646; smoking status: 19 809 and 4618; and triglycerides: 17 615 and 4223.